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A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

The heterogeneity of HSPCs in response to IR stress remains poorly characterized. Here, the authors provide insights into the molecular intricacies of IR-induced BM injury and reveal the roles of BMP4-BMPR2 signaling in radiation resistance of HSCs.

The Dark sectioning algorithm removes the background and provides single-frame optical sectioning in fluorescence microscopy. It offers improved quantitative analysis and deep-tissue segmentation accuracy and is compatible to diverse modalities.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

The authors present a 3D map of nearly all cells in C. elegans embryos, revealing how cell shape, size, and fate change over time. They show how Notch and Wnt signaling, along with mechanical forces, influence development, including organ formation.

Injectable hydrogels are being explored for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) therapy, but most existing injectable hydrogels address only specific aspects of the RA pathological microenvironment. Here, the authors report an injectable bioadhesive and lubricating hydrogel, that prevents cartilage wear, provides long-term anti-inflammatory effects, and repairs damaged cartilage for RA therapy.

Treating myocardial reperfusion injury via nanotherapy is challenging due to clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Here, the authors target the spleen to reduce acute heart injury and improve long-term cardiac function via transient IRF7 inhibition.

This study reveals that RNA silencing component Argonaute 2 (AGO2) loads small RNAs at endoplasmic reticulum–chloroplast membrane contact sites with the help of RNA helicase 3 (RH3), which also enhances the loading of viral-derived small RNAs. These findings highlight the connections between RNA silencing, viral replication, and plant antiviral resistance.

Iron alloys are essential but are limited by high thermal expansion. This work reports a strategy to reduce thermal expansion by in-situ forming negative thermal expansion phases within iron alloys, while maintaining high mechanical properties.

C(sp³)–H fluoroalkylation of bioactive molecules is a challenge. Now, a scalable and site-selective allylic fluoroalkylation of terpenes and olefins has been developed using a cobaloxime catalyst. Mechanistic studies reveal the process probably proceeds through halogen-atom transfer and hydrogen-atom transfer steps.

Controllable electric transport of topological particles in solid state systems hold the key towards novel electronic applications. Here, Wang et al. demonstrate gate-tunable negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in WTe₂, featuring controllable transport of Type-II Weyl fermions.

Researchers use organic ligands to reclaim energy lost during the relaxation of secondary X-rays generated by the interaction of high-energy particles with scintillators. Enhanced radioluminescence within lanthanide metal complexes and capture of dark triplet excitons with near-unity extraction efficiency are achieved.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the preeminent drug delivery vehicle for mRNA therapies, partially due to the ionizable lipid (IL) components that facilitate endosomal escape. Here, authors devise terminally branched ILs that enhance endosome escape, resulting in increased liver and T cell delivery.

Coordination-driven supramolecular assembly provides the ability to build molecular architectures of impressive complexity. Here, the authors use a series of linear metal-organic ligands with specific sequences to construct multiple generations of precisely-controlled, 2D fractal polycyclic supramolecules.

Three-dimensional computing-in-memory circuits based on vertical resistive random-access memory and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technologies can be used to create efficient hardware for artificial neural networks.

The immune cell constituents and localisation within human hepatocellular carcinoma is not fully understood. Here the authors use single cell RNA sequencing of HCC from four different tissue sites and show differences between primary and metastatic tumours, tumour associated macrophages and immune cell populations.

Using lanthanide-doped nanomaterials and flexible substrates, an approach that enables flat-panel-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging is demonstrated and termed X-ray luminescence extension imaging.

A vanadium-based lithium-rich disordered rock salt oxide is shown to work as a low-potential anode with rapid intercalation kinetics for lithium-ion batteries.

Psoriasis is a skin disease associated with neurogenic inflammation. Here, the authors activation of ASIC3 on sensory neurons that leads to the release of CGRP, which triggers inflammation through dendritic cells and drives psoriatic inflammation.

The rise of large language model (LLM) technology offers new opportunities for advancing chemical synthesis. Here, the authors developed an LLM-based reaction development framework (LLM-RDF) to copilot the design and experimental tasks throughout the end-to-end chemical synthesis development.

Wang et al. identify a promoter variant in xanthine oxidoreductase associated with diabetic kidney disease through increased podocyte depletion and glomerular injury.

Metabolic disorder significantly contributes to diabetic vascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study reveals that O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient-sensitive protein modification, drives vascular dysfunction in DR by stabilizing Hippo signaling key components YAP/TAZ. Targeting O-GlcNAc-YAP/TAZ shows therapeutic potential for mitigating DR pathology.

Biomaterials have potential in treating periodontitis in diabetes, but addressing the range of issues with one material is challenging. Here, the authors report the development of a redox-active hydrogel for reducing inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration in diabetic periodontitis.

Early detection and accurate diagnosis of focal liver lesions are crucial for effective treatment and prognosis. Here, the authors present a fully automated diagnostic system that leverages multi-phase CT scans and clinical features, for diagnosing liver lesions.

Androgen receptor in prostate cancer (PCa) transcriptionally represses multiple genes including MYC. Here, the authors suggest that increased MYC in response to androgen deprivation contributes to castration-resistant PCa, while decreased MYC may contribute to responses to supraphysiological androgen therapy.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.

Mendelian randomization methods are prone to produce false positive results when assumptions are violated. Here, the authors propose a statistical model that offers good power to detect causation between traits while controlling the false positive rate.

A tether-less and battery-less implant allows for the recording of electroencephalograms, electromyograms and body temperature in freely moving small animals, and for closed-loop neuromodulation via optogenetics and pharmacology.

Radiation dosimetry are critical for the medical management of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Here, authors show that the RNA m6A levels of Ncoa4, Ate1 and Fgf22 genes in peripheral blood cells could serve as dosimetry of IR exposure.

Visual adaptive devices show promise for simplifying circuits and algorithms in machine vision systems. Here, the authors report a visual adaptive transistor with tunable avalanche effects and microsecond-level bionic vision capabilities, recognizing images in dim and bright conditions with over 98% accuracy.

A scRNA-seq study reveals the dynamic landscape of the intestinal cellular microenvironment during radiation-induced intestine injury and regeneration.

Accuracy loss and slow speed affect the identification of compounds through matching of mass spectra using a large-scale spectral library. Here the authors use Word2vec spectral embedding and hierarchical navigable small-world graph to improve accuracy and speed of spectral matching on their own million-scale in-silico library.

Incorporation of a ‘liquid diode’ into a wearable electronic platform enhances comfort and stability by shunting away sweat as it accumulates.

The reason for a re-emergence of scarlet fever in China remains unclear. Here the authors show that the number of scarlet fever cases surged in 2011 peaking in 2018, this correlates with an increase in NO₂ and O₃ but does not necessarily imply causation.

E3 ligases that attach ubiquitin to proteins destined for proteasomal degradation are regulated by neddylation. In this study, Xie et al. show that the HECT ligase Smurf1, which is a ubiquitin ligase, is also neddylated, and this post-translational modification enhances its ligase activity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has stopped many human activities, which has had significant impact on emissions of greenhouse gases. Here, the authors present daily estimates of country-level CO₂ emissions for different economic sectors and show that there has been a 8.8% decrease in global CO2 emissions in the first half of 2020.