Abstract
Symbioses are increasingly seen as dynamic ecosystems with multiple associates and varying fidelity. Symbiont specificity remains elusive in one of the most ecologically successful and economically damaging eukaryotic symbioses: the ambrosia symbiosis of wood-boring beetles and fungi. We used multiplexed pyrosequencing of amplified internal transcribed spacer II (ITS2) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) libraries to document the communities of fungal associates and symbionts inside the mycangia (fungus transfer organ) of three ambrosia beetle species, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus and Xylosandrus crassiusculus. We processed 93 beetle samples from 5 locations across Florida, including reference communities. Fungal communities within mycangia included 14–20 fungus species, many more than reported by culture-based studies. We recovered previously known nutritional symbionts as members of the core community. We also detected several other fungal taxa that are equally frequent but whose function is unknown and many other transient species. The composition of fungal assemblages was significantly correlated with beetle species but not with locality. The type of mycangium appears to determine specificity: two Xyleborus with mandibular mycangia had multiple dominant associates with even abundances; Xylosandrus crassiusculus (mesonotal mycangium) communities were dominated by a single symbiont, Ambrosiella sp. Beetle mycangia also carried many fungi from the environment, including plant pathogens and endophytes. The ITS2 marker proved useful for ecological analyses, but the taxonomic resolution was limited to fungal genus or family, particularly in Ophiostomatales, which are under-represented in our amplicons as well as in public databases. This initial analysis of three beetle species suggests that each clade of ambrosia beetles and each mycangium type may support a functionally and taxonomically distinct symbiosis.
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Acknowledgements
The project was funded by the USDA Forest Service cooperative agreements 12-CA-11420004-042 and 11-CA-11330129-092, the National Science Foundation grant DEB 1256968, the NIFA grant 2009-51181-05915, grant 214232/F20 from the Norwegian Research Council and in-kind contributions. We thank Rob Dunn for support in the methods-development phase and Paul Kendra and Chris Gibbard for the supply of specimens.
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Kostovcik, M., Bateman, C., Kolarik, M. et al. The ambrosia symbiosis is specific in some species and promiscuous in others: evidence from community pyrosequencing. ISME J 9, 126–138 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.115
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.115
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