Fig. 5: Economic-environmental analysis of constant current constant voltage (CCCV), pulse, and generation. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Economic-environmental analysis of constant current constant voltage (CCCV), pulse, and generation.

From: Generative learning assisted state-of-health estimation for sustainable battery recycling with random retirement conditions

Fig. 5

a Comparison of pretreatment methods in pyrometallurgy (pyro-), hydrometallurgy (hydro-), and direct recycling. b CO2 emission assessment for both pretreatment and recycling using different pretreatment methods in pyro-, hydro-, and direct recycling under different states of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC). c Comparative analysis of electricity cost against battery retirement scale using direct recycling at 80% SOH, with pulse electricity in the post-training phase excluded. d Overall cost analysis, excluding the material flow using different pretreatment methods, assuming a 1-ton retired battery scale at 80% SOH and 50% SOC, indicated by the gray shaded region in panel (c). e Pretreatment costs against the battery retirement scale, with pulse electricity in the post-training phase included, towards the 2030 battery retirement scenario, assuming 80% SOH and 50% SOC. f Detailed pretreatment cost in the 2030 battery retirement scenario. The pulse electricity in the model deployment phase is included. The noted values stand for the absolute cost of each method. Panel (a) was created using flaticon.com. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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