Fig. 3: Torularhodin increases A. muciniphila abundance and stimulates adenosylcobalamin metabolism.

A Level of Shannon index and Chao1 index of bacteria in mice. (n = 8). B PCA of bacteria in mice colon. (n = 8). C LEfSe analysis and heatmap of bacterial genus. (n = 8). D Relative abundance of A. muciniphila in mice colon. (n = 8). E LEfSe analysis and heatmap of KEGG functions in mice. (n = 8). F Changes in enzymes of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis in mice. Enzymes in red are indicated as being significantly enhanced by torularhodin (p < 0.01). (n = 8). G, H Level of adenosylcobalamin in mice serum and feces. (n = 8). I–K Linear regression analysis between LDL-C level and log₂ bacteria abundance (A. muciniphila, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, and Acutalibacter muris). (n = 8). L Linear regression analysis between log₂ A. muciniphila abundance and adenosylcobalamin level. (n = 8). M Interaction network of “bacteria-fungus”, including low-intensity (p < 0.05, correlation >0.85) and high-intensity (p < 0.01, correlation > 0.95) interactions. (n = 8). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared with the Mod group, and p-value was calculated using Dunnet’s post hoc test in one-way ANOVA. p < 0.01 and FDR < 0.05 in LEfSe analysis. For box plots, the midline represents the median, the box spans the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles, and the whiskers extend to the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the first and third quartiles. The small icons in (G, H) are created in BioRender. Liu, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/k07f052.