Fig. 8: Torularhodin promotes the growth of A. muciniphila and enhances adenosylcobalamin levels, which subsequently reduces Cer levels by inhibiting the HIF-2α pathway. | Nature Communications

Fig. 8: Torularhodin promotes the growth of A. muciniphila and enhances adenosylcobalamin levels, which subsequently reduces Cer levels by inhibiting the HIF-2α pathway.

From: The carotenoid torularhodin alleviates NAFLD by promoting Akkermanisa muniniphila-mediated adenosylcobalamin metabolism

Fig. 8

A Flowchart of co-culture flowchart of fecal bacteria and EMs-T. B Changes in A. muciniphila between the beginning and end (n = 3). C Changes in adenosylcobalamin between the beginning and end (n = 3). D Flowchart of co-culture flowchart of colonic organoids and fecal lipids. The model involves co-culturing colonic organoids with fecal lipids from NAFLD mice, and treating with compounds (torularhodin or adenosylcobalamin) to investigate their effects on organoids. E Fluorescent images of colonic organoids, with Edu labeled proliferating cells in green (n  =  6). F Fluorescent images of colonic organoids, and green representing MUC2 (n  =  6). G Blots and grayscale analysis of MUC2, HIF-2α, Occludin, and Neu3 proteins in colonic organoids. And mRNA levels of Lgr5 gene in colonic organoids (n  =  6). H Levels of Cer (Glc-Cer, Cer, SM) in colonic organoids (n  =  6). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, *p  <  0.05, **p  <  0.01, ***p  <  0.001, compared with the Mod group, and p-value was calculated using Dunnet’s post hoc test in one-way ANOVA (G, H). Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed paired t-test (B, C). A, D are created in BioRender. Liu, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/h37g164. The small icon in (G) is created in BioRender. Liu, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/k07f052.

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