Fig. 2: Preparation conditions optimization and photothermal properties characterization of porous monolithic polymer-based SDIEs.

a The photograph of PDCPD-25%COE-10%ACAT with dimensions of 800 × 600 mm². b The stress-strain curves of polymer matrix resin under optimization of monomer ratios. c Curves of the surface temperature of SDIEs with various proportions of ACAT over time under 1 sun. d Infrared thermal images of the surface temperature of SDIE, PDCPD-25%COE-10%ACAT, at different time under 1 sun. Photothermal conversion effects of SDIEs on water surface under 1 sun (e) with various NaCl particle size. f with various thickness. g Water evaporation rate and water evaporation efficiency of polymer-based SDIEs have been reported in recent years.