Fig. 2: Green hydrogen project announcements by 2021, 2022 and 2023.

a,b, Project announcements by status from 2020–2024 (a) and 2024–2030 (b). c,d, Project announcements by region from 2020–2024 (c) and 2024–2030 (d). For each year there are three bars. The left bar shows announcements by 2021, the middle bar shows announcements by 2022 and the right bar shows announcements by 2023, each of which corresponds to different project database snapshots (Methods). Two main trends are visible. First, in 2022 and 2023, project announcements decrease strongly as the year of project launch approaches (a,c), leading to a wide green hydrogen implementation gap (see Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 5). Second, after 2024, this pattern reverses as the project pipeline has surged over the past 3 years (b,d), thereby gradually closing the green hydrogen ambition gap to 1.5 °C scenarios (see Fig. 4). However, the vast majority of projects have not secured an FID yet (b), which gives rise to the 2030 green hydrogen implementation gap due to a mismatch of required and announced policies (see Fig. 5). In contrast to Figs. 1a and 3, this figure does not show the outcome of project announcements for 2023. C and S America, Central and South America; MENA, Middle East and North Africa. Region mapping is available in ref. ⁶⁷.