Extended Data Fig. 4: Levelised cost of green hydrogen in 2030 compared to recent studies.

The filled circle indicates the central estimate (if available) and the vertical line indicates the range (if available). Colours indicate the organisation. Our 2030 LCOH estimates are shown in black on the left, and are in line with most recent studies. The lower end of the range corresponds to the progressive scenario in the end-uses ammonia, refining and biofuels, for which we do not include transport and storage costs (see Supplementary Table S2). The upper end of the range corresponds to the conservative scenario in the end-uses industry, power, grid injection, CHP, domestic heat, iron & steel, and mobility, for which we include transport and storage costs of 20 $/MWh, based on literature values. Studies that report very low LCOH values, for example BNEF, likely do not include transport and storage costs, which are however critical for a full assessment of hydrogen competitiveness in our model. Note that Capgemini did not calculate LCOHs, but rather conducted a global survey among more than 100 companies in the hydrogen industry. The data for this figure, including sources and the full name of the organisations, is available on GitHub.