Extended Data Fig. 2: Qualitative comparison of depth estimation.

We captured an indoor scene with various objects for qualitative comparisons of 3D imaging. We compared our 360° structured light against 360° multi-dot structured light and passive stereo. The red boxes in the image represent a flat and smooth floor. 360° structured light successfully reconstructs the depth map of the scene, while the multi-dot structured light and passive method show noticeable holes and lack smoothness in their results. When compared to the heuristically-designed multi-dot structured light, our 360° structured light with learned metasurface yields more robust 3D imaging performance exploiting its non-uniform intensity distribution and distinct features on potential locations of corresponding point. Passive stereo struggles with texture-less scenes and it inevitably requires sufficient ambient illumination. Our 360° structured light enables robust 3D imaging under low ambient light conditions. Please refer Supplementary Note 13 for the method to ensure a fair comparison and additional evaluation.