Extended Data Fig. 1: The phylogenetic distribution of complex teeth and high lability across ray-finned fishes.

a, Maximum a posteriori stochastic character map of tooth complexity and its evolutionary lability for 11,508 species of ray-finned fishes under a HR2-ARD model. Lineages with simple teeth are light grey (low labiltiy) and dark blue (high lability); lineages with complex teeth are red (low lability) and gold (high lability). DR statistic values, a measure of species’ tip speciation rate, are plotted at the tips; longer bars indicate higher speciation rates. b, The proportion of lineages with complex teeth and high lability across families of ray-finned fishes that have at least one complex lineage (n = 31 families). The color of the points corresponds to family mean speciation rate, estimated using the DR statistic. The shape of the points represent habitat (freshwater, marine, both) and the size of the points are scaled by the total number of species. African and Neotropical cichlids are indicated separately to highlight the difference between these groups.