Extended Data Fig. 6: Label-free method for distinguishing engineered diploid and tetraploid clusters in competition assays.

a, Brightfield image of a snowflake yeast cluster (an engineered tetraploid mixotrophic cluster is shown) (top), whose bright cells in the cluster edges are detected (bottom). Scale bar, 30 µm. On average, 381 clusters were segmented per sample using this approach. b, Mean area of the five largest cells detected in a cluster can be used to distinguish between the engineered tetraploid and diploid clusters under both mixotrophic and anaerobic conditions, with the dashed line indicating the manually-chosen decision boundary.