Abstract
An important challenge in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the simultaneous attainment of high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and high stability. Using polymer interfaces in PSCs can enhance durability by blocking water and oxygen and by suppressing ion interdiffusion, but their electronic shielding poses a challenge for efficient and stable PSCs1,2,3. Here we report a magnetic endohedral metallofullerene Nd@C82–polymer coupling layer, which features ultrafast electron extraction and in situ encapsulation, thereby promoting homogeneous electron extraction and suppressing ion interdiffusion. The Nd@C82–polymer coupling layer in PSCs exhibited a PCE of 26.78% (certified 26.29%) and 23.08% with an aperture area of 0.08 cm2 and 16 cm2 (modules), respectively. The unencapsulated devices retained about 82% of the initial PCE after 2,500 h of continuous 1-sun maximum power point operation at 65 °C.
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All data are available in the main text or supplementary materials. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.
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Acknowledgements
S.Y. and C.L. thank the Core Facilities Sharing Platform of Xi’an Jiaotong University (XJTU) for performing various characterizations; Y.L. and C.L. thank the staff from the BL02U beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) for assistance during data collection. We thank Y. Liang, H. Guo and Y. Zhang at the Instrument Analysis Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University for their assistance with TOF-SIMS, KPFM and HR-TEM analyses, respectively. We also thank the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFE0201800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62304111, 22201227, 12274337, U1866203, 92066207, 62175268, 52472199), the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics (22JSY015, 23JSY005), the Young Talent Fund of Xi’an Association for Science and Technology (959202313020), the Shaanxi Province science and technology activities for overseas students selected funding project (2023015), the State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures (SV2023-KF-18), the youth project in natural science and engineering technology (2023SYJ15), the Project of State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, the Qin Chuang Yuan Program of Shaan Xi Province (grant no. 2021QCYRC4-37), the Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (GZR2023010046), the Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NY223053), the China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2022M721026), the Joint Fund of Provincial Science, and Technology Research and Development Plan of Henan Province (Grant No. 232301420004), the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macao SAR (file no. 0010/2022/AMJ, 0060/2023/RIA1, 006/2022/ALC, 0122/2024/AMJ), the research fund of UM (file no. MYRG-GRG2023-00065-IAPME-UMDF).
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W.C., T.Y., M.L., S.Y. and C.L. conceptualized the study; Y.L., Z.L., S.L., T. Liu, W.M., Y.S. and C.L. devised the methodology; Y.L., Z.L., S.L., Y.S., W.Z., Z.Z., J.Z., W.Y., H.G., J.X., D.W., F.D., A.Z., J.L., H.C., B.W., N.Z., H.W., X.L., T. Li, C.K., D.Z., S.C. and Z.Y. conducted the investigation; Y.L., S.L., Y.S. and W.Y. performed the visualization; S.Y., M.L. and C.L. helped with funding acquisition; W.C., S.Y., M.L. and C.L. helped with the project administration; G.X., S.Y., T.Y., W.C., M.L., W.H., and C.L. supervised the study; Y.L. and C.L. wrote the original draft; G.F., L.E., G.X., W.C., T.Y., S.Y., M.L. and C.L. wrote, reviewed and edited the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the paper.
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Lin, Y., Lin, Z., Lv, S. et al. A Nd@C82–polymer interface for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nature 642, 78–84 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08961-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08961-9
