Fig. 1: Immunophenotyping reveals distinct features of the immune system in patients with COVID-19.
From: A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis
a, PCA of 176 cell type frequencies analyzed in COVID-19 and control donors. PC1 explains 17.3% of the variation, while PC2 explains 13.7% of the variation; color denotes disease status (sero− control, n = 21, n′ = 21; sero+ control, n = 20, n′ = 17; COVID-19, n = 54, n′ = 37). b, Volcano plot of 366 nonredundant immune parameters analyzed in COVID-19 relative to control samples. Parameters statistically significantly affected in patients with COVID-19 (P < 0.01, difference of means at least 3 × s.d. relative to the control group) are shown in red (control, n = 78, n′ = 55; COVID-19, n = 114, n′ = 63). Pooled sero+ and sero− controls compared to COVID-19 for all parameters except when sero+ and sero− were statistically significantly different from each other (see Methods). c, Correlations between immune parameters in control (y axis) and patients with COVID-19 (x axis). Color corresponds to the number of overlapping points. Note that all points outside the dashed vertical and horizontal lines at r = −0.33 and r = 0.33 denote significant correlations (P < 0.01). d, Correlations between a subset of parameters with statistically significantly different correlation coefficients in COVID-19 relative to control (as highlighted in c). Plots display results from Spearman correlation tests and a linear regression line with 95% confidence interval shading. Control, n = 78, n′ = 55; COVID-19, n = 114, n′ = 63 (b–d). e, Spearman correlation network in COVID-19 samples (n = 114, n′ = 63). Nodes are manually clustered into functional groups of immune parameters. Node size corresponds to the degree of relatedness. Edge color denotes direction of correlation: orange, positive correlation; navy, negative correlation. Only Spearman correlations in which P < 0.01, r > 0.3 or <−0.3 and a delta r of greater than ± 0.3 relative to control (n = 78, n = 55) values are represented. n, samples; n′, individuals; n/n′ may vary slightly between graphs due to data filtering or experimental dropouts (see Methods).
