Extended Data Fig. 1: Plasmodium falciparum prevalence and allele frequency of R561H in Rwanda.

(Top) Estimates of P. falciparum prevalence in 2-to-10 year-olds (PfPR2-10) from Malaria Atlas Project50 where each cell is 5 km × 5 km (25 km2). Highest PfPR2-10 levels above 10% are seen in the south-central part of the country. (Bottom) Map showing five districts in Rwanda where 561H alleles have been detected, as part of therapeutic efficacy studies (TES) or cross-sectional molecular surveys. Red crosses show sites of TESs, population is per 100 m grid cell.