Fig. 4: Cost-effectiveness plane depicting relationship between cost and HALYs for each screening strategy.

The results are shown for alternative primary screening and triaging options and for different relevant screening intervals and age ranges. For those strategies appearing on the cost-effectiveness frontier, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is noted (cost per HALY). ASCUS, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; USD, US dollar ($); yrly, yearly; yrs, years. *All positive women treated after assessment of eligibility for ablative treatment. **Triage positive referred to colposcopy. ^^VIA triage positive women treated after assessment of eligibility for ablative treatment. ^HPV 16/18 positive women treated after assessment of eligibility for ablative treatment. Women positive for HPV types other than HPV 16/18 (‘OHR’) are triaged with VIA. +0% discount rate for effect, 3% discount rate for cost. As a reference point for a potential WTP threshold across 78 LMICs, the population-weighted average GDP per capita (pc) for 2019 across the 78 LMIC is US$2,093, and 69 of 78 (89%) of LMICs had a GDP pc equal to or above US$530 and 77/78 (99%) of LMICs had a GDP pc equal to or above US$136.