Extended Data Fig. 1: Distributions of vaccine antibody responses in each African population.

Distributions of vaccine responses in individual VaccGene cohorts (Uganda n = 1391, South Africa n = 753, Burkina Faso n = 355) following transformation using two methods. Distributions of each vaccine response following either logarithmic (log) or inverse normal transformations (INT; used in the GWAS analyses) are shown for each population separated by colour. Individuals in South Africa (SA) did not receive pertussis pertactin or measles vaccine prior to the antibody assays being performed. Differences in log-transformed distributions are most likely due to differences in timing of sampling as highlighted in Supplementary Table 1.