Extended Data Fig. 5: Estimation of the impact of commonly used oral medications on gut microbiota in JD_2014.

a. Bar plot shows the explained variance (R², one-sided) of ten types of commonly used oral medications (adjusted R², one-sided) on gut microbiota determined by PERMANOVA with Bray-Curtis dissimilarities at the genus level. Adjusted R² for each type of medication was estimated with adjustment for other medicines. Five out of ten oral medications showed significant associations with gut microbiota, including AGIs, biguanides, ARBs, TZDs, and calcium antagonists. Asterisks denote a BH-adjusted P < 0.05. b. The bar plot shows the distribution of drug-negative and drug-positive participants (without or with the use of any of the five types of medications or statins) in each MC. The number and percentage of drug-negative and drug-positive participants in each MC are presented. c. Top: Heatmap displays the significantly differential species between drug-negative MC1 (metabolically healthy cluster) and drug-negative MCs2-5 (metabolically unhealthy clusters), and between drug-negative MC1 and drug-positive unhealthy clusters (MCs2-5) (two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test, BH-adjusted P < 0.05). Bottom: Heatmap shows the significantly differential species between metabolically unhealthy participants (MCs2-5) with and without a certain type of medication (two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test, BH-adjusted P < 0.05). Asterisks denote a BH-adjusted P < 0.05.