Extended Data Fig. 6: Associations of microbial features with circulating metabolic and inflammation biomarkers.

(a) Meta-analyzed associations of individual MetaCyc pathways with circulating biomarkers of metabolic risk. (b) Meta-analyzed associations of individual microbial enzymes with circulating biomarkers of metabolic risk. Only pathways and enzymes listed in Fig. 3 were analyzed and presented in this figure. The blue-to-red gradients represent the magnitude and direction of the associations as quantified by meta-analyzed beta coefficients from linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and metformin use in MaAsLin2. All the results were corrected for multiple hypothesis testing by controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) using the Benjamini–Hochberg method with a target rate of 0.10. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.