Table 1 Demographics of cohort, comparing NeuroCOVID and COVID groups

From: Posthospitalization COVID-19 cognitive deficits at 1 year are global and associated with elevated brain injury markers and gray matter volume reduction

Characteristic

Overall (N = 351)a

NeuroCOVID (N = 190)a

COVID (N = 161)a

P valueb

Age (years)

54 (44, 63)

54 (43, 63)

54 (44, 62)

0.973

Sex

   

0.061

 Female

149 (42)

72 (38)

77 (48)

 

 Male

202 (58)

118 (62)

84 (52)

 

First language

   

0.4

 English

307 (87)

169 (89)

138 (86)

 

 Other

44 (13)

21 (11)

23 (14)

 

Level of education

   

0.022

 None of the below

27 (7.7)

10 (5.3)

17 (11)

 

 College or university degree

166 (47)

83 (44)

83 (52)

 

 A levels/AS levels or equivalent (school/vocational)

30 (8.5)

17 (8.9)

13 (8.1)

 

 O levels/GCSEs or equivalent (school/vocational)

78 (22)

47 (25)

31 (19)

 

 CSEs or equivalent (school/vocational)

20 (5.7)

13 (6.8)

7 (4.3)

 

 NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent (school/vocational)

23 (6.6)

15 (7.9)

8 (5.0)

 

 Other professional qualifications (school/vocational)

7 (2.0)

5 (2.6)

2 (1.2)

 

Premorbid Clinical Frailty Scale

   

0.013

 Managing well (1–3)

261 (91)

137 (87)

124 (96)

 

 Mild (4–5)

23 (8.0)

18 (11)

5 (3.9)

 

 Moderate–severe (6–8)

3 (1.0)

3 (1.9)

0 (0)

 

 Unknown

64

32

32

 

WHO COVID-19 Severity

   

<0.001

 Ambulatory mild disease

84 (27)

61 (39)

23 (15)

 

 Hospitalized: moderate

138 (44)

47 (30)

91 (59)

 

 Hospitalized: severe

89 (29)

49 (31)

40 (26)

 

 Unknown

40

33

7

 

Days since COVID-19

384 (155, 574)

341 (179, 463)

473 (138, 728)

0.005

 Unknown

41

32

9

 

Admission date

   

0.026

 1 March 2020 to 31 August 2020

93 (29)

49 (28)

44 (30)

 

 1 September 2020 to 28 February 2021

107 (33)

64 (37)

43 (29)

 

 1 March 2021 to 31 August 2021

42 (13)

28 (16)

14 (9.5)

 

 1 September 2021 to 28 February 2022

61 (19)

23 (13)

38 (26)

 

 1 March 2022 to 31 August 2022

17 (5.3)

8 (4.7)

9 (6.1)

 

 Unknown

31

18

13

 

Previous COVID-19 vaccinationc

57 (19)

31 (20)

26 (18)

0.7

 Unknown

57

37

20

 

Acute steroid treatment

148 (48)

72 (45)

76 (52)

0.2

 Unknown

45

29

16

 

Memory concerns

164 (47)

98 (52)

66 (41)

0.048

 Unknown

2

1

1

 

PHQ-9 score

5.0 (2.0, 10.0)

6.0 (2.0, 10.0)

4.0 (1.0, 9.5)

0.042

 Unknown

36

18

18

 

GAD-7 score

3.0 (0, 8.0)

3.0 (0.5, 8.0)

2.5 (0, 6.0)

0.13

 Unknown

30

15

15

 

PCL-5 score

10 (2, 22)

12 (4, 24)

6 (1, 19)

0.002

 Unknown

99

49

50

 

Cognitron Global Score

−0.92 (−1.83, −0.26)

−1.11 (−2.00, −0.35)

−0.83 (−1.70, −0.19)

0.063

Cognitron Accuracy

−0.89 (−1.58, −0.21)

−1.04 (−1.67, −0.29)

−0.75 (−1.53, −0.09)

0.050

Cognitron RT

0.61 (−0.05, 1.54)

0.70 (−0.04, 1.78)

0.50 (−0.06, 1.39)

0.11

  1. a Values are shown as median (IQR) or n (%).
  2. b Two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test.
  3. c Binary. ‘Yes’ if the patient had received at least two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with the most recent dose at least two weeks before COVID-19; ‘No’ otherwise.
  4. A level, Advanced level; AS level, Advanced Subsidiary level; CSE, Certificate of Secondary Education; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; HNC, Higher National Certificate; HND, Higher National Diploma; NVQ, National Vocational Qualifications; O level, Ordinary level.
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