Table 1 Annotations for all defects.

Crack: Linear damage that appears on the concrete surface, affecting the structural strength and durability.

Spalling: The phenomenon where part of the concrete surface or interior gradually loosens, detaches, or peels off.

Honeycomb Surface: A rough and uneven concrete surface with localized voids, affecting the appearance and structural performance.

Exposed Rebar: The stripping, cracking, or construction defects of the concrete protective layer, leading to rebar being directly exposed on the concrete surface.

Seepage: The phenomenon where water enters the concrete structure through cracks or pores and forms water stains or spots on the surface.

Holes: Larger voids or gaps in the concrete structure that significantly affect its load-bearing capacity.