Table 5 Passive earth pressure coefficients for ϕ = 40° with various angles of sloping backfill (negative wall friction).

From: Passive earth pressure on vertical rigid walls with negative wall friction coupling statically admissible stress field and soft computing

ϕ = 40°

β (degree)

δ (degree)

− 40

− 35

− 30

− 25

− 20

− 15

− 10

− 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

− 0

0.437

0.851

1.202

1.569

2.000

2.533

3.105

3.796

4.606

5.442

6.500

7.792

9.210

10.856

12.695

14.654

17.092

− 5

0.415

0.783

1.079

1.396

1.755

2.172

2.649

3.177

3.809

4.492

5.256

6.212

7.262

8.478

9.816

11.234

12.920

− 10

0.394

0.716

0.962

1.233

1.533

1.859

2.229

2.653

3.138

3.667

4.229

4.956

5.657

6.508

7.474

8.461

9.640

− 15

0.370

0.653

0.860

1.081

1.324

1.581

1.874

2.183

2.553

2.918

3.372

3.849

4.326

4.953

5.601

6.264

7.055

− 20

0.348

0.588

0.765

0.941

1.136

1.332

1.555

1.795

2.052

2.333

2.650

2.961

3.334

3.735

4.122

4.550

5.059

− 25

0.325

0.529

0.674

0.812

0.961

1.110

1.272

1.448

1.628

1.821

2.011

2.226

2.476

2.718

2.963

3.222

3.527

− 30

0.300

0.468

0.583

0.695

0.800

0.908

1.024

1.134

1.262

1.373

1.494

1.645

1.768

1.924

2.068

2.201

2.364

− 35

0.274

0.407

0.495

0.573

0.636

0.721

0.795

0.846

0.930

1.001

1.069

1.149

1.204

1.271

1.333

1.412

1.490

− 40

0.239

0.334

0.388

0.429

0.474

0.496

0.523

0.541

0.558

0.571

0.576

0.581

0.583

0.582

0.581

0.577

0.587

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