Table 4 Performance Metrics for KNN-HHO Across different PV system cases.

From: Enhanced photovoltaic panel diagnostics through AI integration with experimental DC to DC Buck Boost converter implementation

HHO-KNN

PER%

REC%

F1-S%

SPE%

Case 1

96.30

92.86

94.55

99.41

Case 2

87.50

100

93.33

98.31

Case 3

100

96.15

98.04

100

Case 4

100

92.31

96.00

100

Case 5

100

97.14

98.55

100

Case 6

100

100

100

100

Case 7

94.12

100

96.97

98.80

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