Fig. 1

Experimental design of the study: This figure illustrates the study workflow, including the isolation and identification of E. coli from UTI samples, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing (VITEK-2), MDR profiling, and MAR index. ESBL-producing carbapenem-resistant E. coli were subjected to WGS and bioinformatics analysis (BAcWGSTdb, CARD, PLasmidFinder, IS Finder). Pangenome analysis was conducted using the Roary pipeline.