Table 1 Baseline characteristics of critical patients with heart failure grouped according to TyG quartiles.
Categories | Overall | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1220) | (N = 305) | (N = 307) | (N = 307) | (N = 301) | ||
Age, years | 70.6 (13.7) | 73.1 (13.9) | 73.0 (13.2) | 69.1 (12.6) | 67.1 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||||
Female | 459 (37.6%) | 108 (35.4%) | 119 (38.8%) | 117 (38.1%) | 115 (38.2%) | 0.927 |
Male | 761 (62.4%) | 197 (64.6%) | 188 (61.2%) | 190 (61.9%) | 186 (61.8%) | |
Race, n (%) | ||||||
White | 1007 (82.5%) | 245 (80.3%) | 260 (84.7%) | 254 (82.7%) | 248 (82.4%) | |
Asian | 31 (2.5%) | 8 (2.6%) | 7 (2.3%) | 9 (2.9%) | 7 (2.3%) | 0.708 |
Black | 86 (7.0%) | 31 (10.2%) | 18 (5.9%) | 21 (6.8%) | 16 (5.3%) | |
Hispanic-Latino | 31 (2.5%) | 10 (3.3%) | 7 (2.3%) | 7 (2.3%) | 7 (2.3%) | |
Other | 65 (5.3%) | 11 (3.6%) | 15 (4.9%) | 16 (5.2%) | 23 (7.6%) | |
Weight, kg | 85.4 (24.2) | 78.1 (20.5) | 82.3 (21.3) | 87.5 (25.5) | 93.8 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.7 (7.36) | 27.3 (6.40) | 28.9 (6.29) | 30.4 (8.16) | 32.2 (7.54) | < 0.001 |
Vital signs | ||||||
HR, bpm | 86.2 (16.3) | 85.2 (16.6) | 85.8 (16.3) | 86.6 (16.1) | 87.4 (16.2) | 0.553 |
SBP, mmHg | 116 (16.9) | 114 (16.7) | 117 (16.8) | 116 (17.0) | 118 (17.1) | 0.0395 |
DBP, mmHg | 63.3 (11.7) | 62.8 (11.7) | 63.3 (12.5) | 63.8 (11.1) | 63.2 (11.6) | 0.722 |
MBP, mmHg | 78.2 (11.1) | 77.1 (11.5) | 78.4 (11.4) | 78.7 (10.7) | 78.7 (10.9) | 0.184 |
RR, times/min | 20.4 (3.96) | 19.7 (3.70) | 20.4 (3.90) | 20.6 (3.90) | 20.9 (4.23) | 0.00599 |
T, °C | 36.8 (0.577) | 36.7 (0.517) | 36.7 (0.495) | 36.9 (0.549) | 36.9 (0.690) | < 0.001 |
SpO2, % | 96.6 (2.16) | 96.7 (2.35) | 96.7 (1.98) | 96.5 (2.26) | 96.5 (2.03) | 0.595 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||||
RBC, m/uL | 3.69 (0.826) | 3.61 (0.823) | 3.65 (0.785) | 3.78 (0.869) | 3.74 (0.819) | 0.0734 |
WBC, m/uL | 12.6 (7.61) | 11.2 (5.20) | 12.6 (10.1) | 12.9 (6.83) | 13.6 (7.30) | < 0.001 |
Hematocrit, % | 33.5 (7.23) | 32.8 (7.19) | 33.3 (6.87) | 34.2 (7.69) | 33.8 (7.08) | 0.166 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.0 (2.43) | 10.8 (2.39) | 10.9 (2.32) | 11.2 (2.59) | 11.1 (2.41) | 0.244 |
Platelet, K/uL | 209 (93.9) | 196 (82.0) | 210 (98.1) | 217 (94.5) | 215 (98.9) | 0.0131 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.34 (0.619) | 3.36 (0.657) | 3.36 (0.632) | 3.37 (0.549) | 3.28 (0.635) | 0.455 |
Bilirubin, g/dL | 1.35 (2.70) | 1.47 (2.70) | 1.26 (1.48) | 1.08 (1.82) | 1.59 (4.02) | 0.0328 |
ALT, IU/L | 169 (680) | 161 (524) | 137 (637) | 201 (892) | 170 (585) | 0.0282 |
AST, IU/L | 268 (1110) | 208 (615) | 238 (1110) | 351 (1580) | 267 (839) | 0.0478 |
TC, mg/dL | 145 (51.7) | 132 (41.9) | 146 (57.5) | 148 (49.7) | 159 (54.6) | 0.00376 |
HDL, mg/dL | 42.5 (16.8) | 47.8 (18.2) | 44.2 (15.5) | 39.2 (14.6) | 36.9 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
LDL, mg/dL | 79.8 (42.8) | 72.8 (32.5) | 82.0 (51.1) | 82.7 (42.4) | 83.0 (43.2) | 0.482 |
TG, mg/dL | 141 (147) | 67.7 (17.4) | 97.5 (20.9) | 135 (32.8) | 267 (250) | < 0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 145 (45.5) | 117 (22.8) | 135 (27.7) | 146 (35.8) | 181 (59.9) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 6.48 (1.82) | 5.80 (0.932) | 6.07 (1.55) | 6.60 (1.75) | 7.60 (2.36) | < 0.001 |
Anion gap, mmol/L | 15.3 (4.42) | 14.5 (4.49) | 15.0 (4.04) | 15.7 (4.27) | 16.3 (4.68) | < 0.001 |
BUN, mg/dL | 32.0 (23.4) | 29.1 (18.8) | 31.4 (22.3) | 32.8 (24.5) | 34.8 (27.1) | 0.158 |
Calcium, mg/dL | 8.34 (0.765) | 8.28 (0.720) | 8.35 (0.699) | 8.39 (0.821) | 8.34 (0.813) | 0.565 |
Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 23.1 (4.93) | 23.3 (4.97) | 23.3 (4.67) | 23.1 (4.79) | 22.8 (5.27) | 0.743 |
Chloride, mEq/L | 103 (6.67) | 103 (7.02) | 103 (6.66) | 103 (6.87) | 102 (6.02) | 0.0142 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.65 (1.52) | 1.41 (1.03) | 1.60 (1.49) | 1.76 (1.84) | 1.84 (1.57) | < 0.001 |
Sodium, mEq/L | 138 (5.33) | 138 (5.91) | 138 (4.99) | 139 (5.56) | 138 (4.78) | 0.0774 |
Potassium, mEq/L | 4.25 (0.687) | 4.17 (0.640) | 4.23 (0.695) | 4.26 (0.697) | 4.35 (0.706) | 0.0138 |
INR, s | 1.52 (0.808) | 1.53 (0.656) | 1.54 (0.767) | 1.56 (1.08) | 1.47 (0.644) | 0.156 |
PT, s | 16.6 (7.66) | 16.7 (6.93) | 16.8 (7.93) | 16.7 (8.90) | 16.0 (6.65) | 0.125 |
PTT, s | 45.0 (30.7) | 47.9 (33.1) | 43.1 (28.2) | 44.0 (29.0) | 44.9 (32.2) | 0.0863 |
Troponin-t, ng/mL | 1.50 (3.34) | 1.11 (2.80) | 1.32 (3.02) | 1.96 (4.02) | 1.51 (3.24) | 0.00429 |
Ck-mb, ng/mL | 38.0 (85.2) | 30.7 (75.6) | 31.4 (71.3) | 42.7 (92.0) | 46.0 (97.2) | 0.364 |
NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL | 9500 (11700) | 7420 (9550) | 7700 (7600) | 11,400 (12600) | 10,400 (14900) | 0.605 |
LVEF (%) | 41.5 (15.8) | 39.3 (15.1) | 41.6 (15.9) | 41.2 (15.7) | 43.8 (16.1) | 0.0259 |
Clinical severity | ||||||
SIRS | 2.61 (0.917) | 2.44 (0.944) | 2.56 (0.874) | 2.66 (0.905) | 2.79 (0.911) | < 0.001 |
SAPSII | 40.1 (14.0) | 39.0 (12.9) | 40.6 (14.2) | 39.5 (13.8) | 41.3 (14.9) | 0.416 |
LODS | 5.49 (3.08) | 5.02 (2.86) | 5.32 (3.00) | 5.56 (3.19) | 6.08 (3.17) | < 0.001 |
GCS | 14.4 (1.98) | 14.3 (2.06) | 14.5 (1.75) | 14.3 (2.11) | 14.5 (2.00) | 0.283 |
APSIII | 49.2 (20.7) | 46.6 (19.8) | 48.4 (19.8) | 48.7 (21.2) | 53.2 (21.6) | < 0.001 |
SOFA | 5.64 (3.73) | 5.10 (3.46) | 5.34 (3.56) | 5.83 (3.77) | 6.30 (4.02) | 0.00286 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
Myocardial infarct | 561 (46.0%) | 120 (39.3%) | 141 (45.9%) | 147 (47.9%) | 153 (50.8%) | 0.0689 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 194 (15.9%) | 45 (14.8%) | 55 (17.9%) | 48 (15.6%) | 46 (15.3%) | 0.856 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 308 (25.2%) | 74 (24.3%) | 94 (30.6%) | 70 (22.8%) | 70 (23.3%) | 0.168 |
Dementia | 41 (3.4%) | 16 (5.2%) | 10 (3.3%) | 6 (2.0%) | 9 (3.0%) | 0.254 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 426 (34.9%) | 110 (36.1%) | 96 (31.3%) | 116 (37.8%) | 104 (34.6%) | 0.541 |
Rheumatic disease | 57 (4.7%) | 13 (4.3%) | 15 (4.9%) | 12 (3.9%) | 17 (5.6%) | 0.879 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 29 (2.4%) | 9 (3.0%) | 3 (1.0%) | 10 (3.3%) | 7 (2.3%) | 0.399 |
Mild liver disease | 133 (10.9%) | 38 (12.5%) | 28 (9.1%) | 37 (12.1%) | 30 (10.0%) | 0.653 |
Severe liver disease | 50 (4.1%) | 16 (5.2%) | 10 (3.3%) | 14 (4.6%) | 10 (3.3%) | 0.699 |
Paraplegia | 118 (9.7%) | 30 (9.8%) | 40 (13.0%) | 27 (8.8%) | 21 (7.0%) | 0.15 |
Renal disease | 410 (33.6%) | 90 (29.5%) | 93 (30.3%) | 109 (35.5%) | 118 (39.2%) | 0.0741 |
Malignant cancer | 105 (8.6%) | 21 (6.9%) | 38 (12.4%) | 27 (8.8%) | 19 (6.3%) | 0.0683 |
Metastatic solid tumor | 32 (2.6%) | 6 (2.0%) | 10 (3.3%) | 8 (2.6%) | 8 (2.7%) | 0.91 |
AIDS | 5 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.959 |
Diabetes | 476 (39.0%) | 61 (20.0%) | 88 (28.7%) | 138 (45.0%) | 189 (62.8%) | < 0.001 |
Outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
30-Day mortality | 191 (15.7%) | 38 (12.5%) | 54 (17.6%) | 47 (15.3%) | 52 (17.3%) | 0.426 |
One-year mortality | 422 (34.6%) | 102 (33.4%) | 123 (40.1%) | 99 (32.2%) | 98 (32.6%) | 0.236 |
LOS of hospital, days | 16.0 (13.5) | 15.2 (11.5) | 15.2 (14.1) | 16.3 (13.9) | 17.3 (14.4) | 0.417 |
LOS of ICU, days | 6.87 (7.95) | 5.40 (6.06) | 6.13 (6.78) | 7.14 (8.31) | 8.83 (9.78) | < 0.001 |
