Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the experimental procedure. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced via three intratracheal instillations of bleomycin (1 mg/kg) administered bi-weekly (on days 0, 14, and 28) under isoflurane anesthesia. Subsequently, the mice were exposed to an aerosol containing 10.5 mg of OM85 dissolved in 10 mL of sterile PBS solution, or a control aerosol of 10 mL sterile PBS solution alone, on days 42, 44, 46, 49, 51, and 53. Our experiment was structured every week to accommodate the need for rest days for the experimenters. Consequently, we decided to administer the treatment on Monday (Day 42), Wednesday (Day 44), and Friday (Day 46), continuing the same pattern in the following week with treatment on Monday (Day 49), Wednesday (Day 51), and Friday (Day 53). This approach inadvertently led to the omission of aerosol delivery on Day 48, a Sunday.