Table 1 Characteristics of the overall study population and age-specific groups.

From: Age-specific assessment of initial hemoglobin levels and shock index for predicting life-saving interventions in pediatric blunt liver and spleen injuries

 

All ages

1 to 6 years of age

7 to 12 years of age

13 to 16 years of age

LSI

no LSI

P value

LSI

no LSI

P value

LSI

no LSI

P value

LSI

no LSI

P value

n = 385

n = 985

n = 92

n = 273

n = 139

n = 480

n = 154

n = 232

Age (years), median [IQR]

11 (7, 15)

9 (6, 12)

 < 0.001

4 (3, 6)

4 (3, 6)

0.794

10 (8, 11)

9 (8, 11)

0.012

15 (14, 16)

15 (14, 16)

0.196

00000Male sex, n (%)

261 (67.8)

659 (66.9)

0.753

58 (63.0)

156 (57.1)

0.320

95 (68.3)

333 (69.4)

0.817

108 (70.1)

170 (73.3)

0.500

Transfer cases

  

0.207

  

0.176

  

0.599

  

0.237

Transfer to another hospital, n (%)

1 (0.3)

6 (0.6)

 

0 (0)

3 (1.1)

 

0 (0)

3 (0.6)

 

1 (0.6)

0 (0)

 

Transfer from another hospital, n (%)

109 (28.3)

289 (29.3)

 

29 (31.5)

76 (27.8)

 

45 (32.4)

161 (33.5)

 

35 (22.7)

52 (22.4)

 

Bi-directional transfer cases, n (%) a

8 (2.1)

10 (1.0)

 

5 (5.4)

5 (1.8)

 

2 (1.4)

5 (1.0)

 

1 (0.6)

0 (0)

 

Vital signs on arrival

            

Glasgow Coma Scale, median [IQR]

12 (9, 13)

13 (13, 13)

 < 0.001

11 (8, 13)

13 (12, 13)

 < 0.001

13 (11, 13)

13 (13, 13)

 < 0.001

12 (9, 13)

13 (13, 13)

 < 0.001

Respiratory rate (/min), median [IQR]

24 (20, 30)

24 (20, 28)

0.001

28 (24, 36)

26 (22, 30)

0.020

24 (20, 30)

23 (20, 27)

0.001

23 (18, 28)

20 (18, 24)

0.016

Heart rate (beats/min), median [IQR]

110 (93, 134)

100 (85, 117)

 < 0.001

140 (117, 154)

121 (109, 141)

 < 0.001

108 (93, 130)

98 (87, 110)

 < 0.001

100 (82, 114)

84 (74, 97)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), median [IQR]

112 (95, 126)

115 (104, 127)

 < 0.001

103 (90, 120)

110 (100, 121)

0.001

112 (96, 124)

115 (106, 126)

0.008

117 (97, 130)

121 (110, 134)

0.007

Temperature (℃), median [IQR]

36.6 (36.0, 37.1)

36.8 (36.5, 37.2)

 < 0.001

36.5 (36.0, 37.2)

36.8 (36.5, 37.4)

0.001

36.8 (36.2, 37.2)

36.8 (36.6, 37.2)

0.053

36.6 (35.9, 37.0)

36.9 (36.5, 37.2)

 < 0.001

Shock index, median [IQR]

0.98 (0.78, 1.30)

0.86 (0.72, 1.01)

 < 0.001

1.27 (1.09, 1.59)

1.10 (0.93, 1.30)

 < 0.001

0.96 (0.80, 1.21)

0.85 (0.74, 0.95)

 < 0.001

0.83 (0.67, 1.09)

0.69 (0.60, 0.81)

 < 0.001

Abnormal SIPA, n (%)b

184 (47.8)

199 (20.2)

 < 0.001

59 (64.8)

98 (35.9)

0.001

63 (45.3)

72 (15.0)

 < 0.001

62 (40.3)

29 (12.5)

 < 0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dL), median [IQR]

11.8 (10.2, 13.1)

12.6 (11.7, 13.4)

 < 0.001

10.7 (9.8, 11.9)

12.1 (11.2, 12.7)

 < 0.001

11.8 (10.2, 12.6)

12.6 (11.9, 13.3)

 < 0.001

12.9 (10.9, 13.9)

13.6 (12.5, 14.8)

 < 0.001

Type of injury

  

 < 0.001

  

0.423

  

 < 0.001

  

0.002

Liver injury, n (%)

181 (47.0)

613 (62.2)

 

59 (64.1)

189 (69.2)

 

45 (32.4)

290 (60.4)

 

77 (50.0)

134 (57.8)

 

Spleen injury, n (%)

171 (44.4)

351 (35.6)

 

26 (28.3)

72 (26.4)

 

81 (58.3)

184 (38.3)

 

64 (41.6)

95 (40.9)

 

Both liver and spleen injury, n (%)

33 (8.6)

21 (2.1)

 

7 (7.6)

12 (4.4)

 

13 (9.4)

6 (1.3)

 

64 (41.6)

3 (1.3)

 

Injury Severity Score, median [IQR]

20 (12, 33)

9 (4, 14)

 < 0.001

22 (13, 29)

9 (5, 17)

 < 0.001

17 (9, 29)

9 (4, 14)

 < 0.001

23 (14, 36)

9 (4, 14)

 < 0.001

Injury grade b

           

 < 0.001

Liver injury, n (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

I/II

77 (20.0)

460 (46.7)

 

17 (18.5)

163 (59.7)

 

20 (14.4)

202 (42.1)

 

40 (26.0)

95 (40.9)

 

III

64 (16.6)

139 (14.1)

 

21 (22.8)

33 (12.1)

 

17 (12.2)

70 (14.6)

 

26 (16.9)

36 (15.5)

 

VI

62 (16.1)

34 (3.5)

 

26 (28.3)

5 (1.8)

 

18 (12.9)

23 (4.8)

 

18 (11.7)

6 (2.6)

 

V

11 (2.9)

1 (0.1)

 

2 (2.2)

0 (0)

 

3 (2.2)

1 (0.2)

 

6 (3.9)

0 (0)

 

Spleen injury, n (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

I/II

42 (11.0)

201 (20.4)

 

10 (10.9)

54 (19.8)

 

14 (10.1)

95 (19.8)

 

18 (11.7)

52 (22.4)

 

III

59 (15.3)

128 (13.0)

 

5 (5.4)

24 (8.8)

 

30 (21.6)

69 (14.4)

 

24 (15.6)

35 (15.1)

 

VI

71 (18.4)

38 (3.9)

 

11 (12.0)

5 (1.8)

 

32 (23.0)

24 (5.0)

 

28 (18.2)

9 (3.9)

 

V

32 (8.3)

5 (0.5)

 

7 (7.6)

1 (0.4)

 

18 (12.9)

2 (0.4)

 

7 (4.5)

2 (0.9)

 
  1. a Cases recorded as transfers to and from another hospital within the database.
  2. b The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale grade (2018 revision).
  3. IQR: interquartile range, SIPA: shock index pediatric age-adjusted, AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale.
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