Fig. 2: The microarrayed platform allows high-throughput evaluations of TIL immunomodulation in patient-derived tumoroids.

a Representative images of microarrayed patient-derived co-cultures of CRC tumoroids and autologous TILs in the indicated conditions and patients after 3 days of culture. Unless otherwise indicated, 10:1 (TIL:CRC) cell ratios are shown. Culture conditions: autonomous activation (IL-2), ectopic activation (IL-2 + α-CD3/CD28), immunotherapy (IL-2 + α-CD3/CD28 + α-PD-1/CTLA-4). Scale bar, 500 µm. b Quantification of PI signal in the indicated patients and conditions from the experiment shown in panel (a). NS, not significant; P > 0.05; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (ANOVA and Tukey’s tests, n = 62, 61, 68, 59, and 53 for patients #TF, #GQ, #MS, #NW, and #NS, respectively). c Scheme depicting the recreation of complex tumor microenvironments inside microcavities. DC dendritic cells, TIL tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CRC colorectal cancer, CAF cancer-associated fibroblasts. d Representative images of microarrayed CRC tumoroids integrated in complex tumor microenvironments. Scale bar, 250 µm. e Luminescence-based measurement of the promotion of TIL killing activity induced by CD40-mediated DC activation in CRC tumoroids derived from patient #TF. ***P < 0.001 (ANOVA and Sidak’s tests, n = 6). In b and e, data represent mean ± SEM.