Extended Data Fig. 2: Forest plot of the extracted Hazard Ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) from all included studies for each dementia outcome, including all-cause dementia (n = 26), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (n = 12), vascular dementia (VaD) (n = 6), and other types of dementia (n = 5).
The reported HR from the most-adjusted model was extracted for each dementia outcome from each study. If multiple averaging periods were implemented in the same study, the effect estimate using the longest averaging period were extracted and used as input for the meta-analyses. For Bowe 2019, four effect estimates were extracted from nonlinear risk–outcome curve at PM2.5 exposure level of a. 6 μg/m3, b. 10 μg/m3, c. 13 μg/m3, and 16 μg/m3, representing the exposure range of this study. All study-specific effect estimates were scaled to a standard unit change in PM2.5 concentration of 1 μg/m3. Dark green squares represent mean HRs, and light green lines indicate 95% CIs from each study. See Supplementary Table 4 for more details on included observations from each study.
