Extended Data Fig. 4: Relationships between PM2.5 exposure and dementia among studies with passive ascertainment through medical records, death certificates, or self-reports (32 data points from 18 studies).
a, RR function. The solid green line represents the mean RR at each exposure level, and the solid red line represents the Burden of proof risk function. The dark green shaded area indicates the 95% uncertainty interval (UI) without accounting for between-study heterogeneity, while the light green shaded area represents the 95% UI accounting for between-study heterogeneity. The size of the data points is proportional to the inverse of the standard deviation of the effect estimates, where larger points indicate higher precision in the effect estimates. b, A modified funnel plot showing the residuals (relative to zero) on the x axis and the estimated s.d. (inclusive of between-study heterogeneity) on the y axis.
