Extended Data Fig. 1: Guideline of the study.

Top left, UK Biobank data used in the study including lifestyle factors, depression diagnoses, brain structural imaging, peripheral markers and genomics. Bottom left, cox model specifying the depression risk according to lifestyle and genetics and mendelian randomization specifying the causal relationship between lifestyle and depression. Top right, association between lifestyle and brain imaging, peripheral markers. Bottom right, structural equation model specifying the potential mechanisms underlying the associations between lifestyle, PRS, brain structure, immunometabolic function and depression.