Fig. 3: Piezoelectric detection of Yb-UIO-66 NPs.

a Structure of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66. b Calculated parameters piezoelectric coefficients d33, c elastic module, d Born effective charge, and e dipole moments in the x, y, and z axes of the investigated rare-earth-doped MOFs. f Amplitude vs bias voltage plot of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. g Displacement response of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. h Nyquist plots, and i PL spectra of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. j Open-circuit voltage and k short-circuit current of the UIO-66@PDMS PENG (10 wt%) and Yb-UIO-66@PDMS PENG (10 wt%). l The average output power of Yb-UIO-66@PDMS PENG (10 wt%) with varied resistances. m ESR spectra of •OH, and n 1O2 in the control, UIO-66, and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. NPs nanoparticles, MOFs metal-organic frameworks, PL spectra photoluminescence spectra, PDMS polydimethylsiloxane, PENG piezoelectric nanogenerator, ESR electron spin resonance.