Fig. 3: Ice nucleation activities of IFHs with various INP contents.

a Photographs of different IFHs cooling from 0 ^oC at a rate of 5.0 ^oC min⁻¹ under 365 nm UV light irradiation. IFH-B1 is IFH with 1 mg mL⁻¹ INPs and emit blue fluorescent. IFH-G6 is IFH with 1 × 10⁻⁶mg mL⁻¹ INPs and emit green fluorescent. IFH-R11 is IFH with 1 × 10⁻¹¹mg mL⁻¹ INPs and emit red fluorescent. b The ice-nucleating temperature (T_IN) of 100 freezing events in IFH-1, IFH-6, IFH-11 (represent IFH with INP content as 1 mg mL⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻⁶mg mL⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻¹¹mg mL⁻¹), and water droplets. Each data point corresponds to one individual measurement of T_IN. c DSC chromatograms of different IFHs and water. Exo represents the exothermic heat flow. d T_IN of various IFHs containing different concentration of INPs. The bars represent the average values of three independent measurements, with error bars indicating the standard deviation. IFH−1, IFH-3, IFH-5 IFH-7, IFH-9, IFH-11 represent IFH with INP content as 1 mg mL⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻³mg mL⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻⁵mg mL⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻⁷mg mL⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻⁹mg mL⁻¹, and 1 × 10⁻¹¹mg mL⁻¹. Source data is provided as a Source Data file.