Fig. 4: Simulation of scale-up PGA electrosynthesis.

a Schematic diagram of the membrane electrode flow cell for the continuous electrosynthesis of GA– from EG coupling with H2 generation. b LSV curves of flow cell system with/without EG under high flow rate (10 mL min–1). c The selectivity and yield of GA– in flow cell under different flow rate at a cell voltage of 1.25 V. d The selectivity and conversion of GA– on Pd-CoCr2O4 across a wide cell voltage range from 0.95 to 1.45 V in flow cell. e Stability test of the Pd-CoCr2O4//NF system in membrane electrode flow cell at a cell voltage of 1.25 V.