Fig. 2: Betaine and trehalose are incorporated into LNP after F-T.
From: Freezing induced incorporation of betaine in lipid nanoparticles enhances mRNA delivery
a The mLuc expression in DC2.4 cells after incubation with free mRNA, LNP, and LNP+BT-CPA following different treatments. The group of BT-CPA prime represents pretreating the cells with BT-CPA for 4 h before incubating with LNP. (n = 4 technical replicates). Data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. b Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of betaine, trehalose, and LNPs following different treatments. The characteristic peaks of trehalose and betaine were highlighted. Figure 2a was created in BioRender. Lu, X. (2025) https://BioRender.com/h45y717.
