Extended Data Fig. 2: Detailed electrochemical performance data for the evaluation of fast-charging ASSLSBs.

a, Differential capacity (dQ/dV) plots of the ASSLSB fitted with LBPSI with varied charging rates from 2C to 35C and a fixed discharging rate of 1C at 30 °C (voltage profiles shown in Fig. 2b; sulfur loading: 1.0 mg cm⁻²). b,c, The discharge–charge voltage profiles at varied rates for the first several activation cycles (shown in Fig. 2a) of the cells with LBPSI (b) and Li_5.5PS_4.5Cl_1.5 (c). d,e, The discharge–charge voltage profiles of the ASSLSB fitted with the Li_5.5PS_4.5Cl_1.5 electrolyte with charging rates from 2C to 35C and a fixed discharging rate of 1C at 30 °C (d) and the corresponding differential capacity (dQ/dV) plots (e) (sulfur loading: 1.0 mg cm⁻²). On the basis of the dQ/dV plots, we can observe that charging and discharging of the cell fitted with LBPSI exhibits distinct redox peaks when charged at 2C to 35C rates, indicating faradaic processes; in contrast, the cell fitted with Li_5.5PS_4.5Cl_1.5 exhibits very small oxidation peaks when charged at rates exceeding 15C. f–h, The specific capacity (f), discharge–charge voltage profiles (g) and dQ/dV plots (h) of the cell using LBPSI as the active material (containing no sulfur in cathode; mass based on LBPSI), measured at the same areal current density as that for the ASSLSB in Fig. 2a (discharge current density is 1.7 mA cm⁻²). The loading of LBPSI is 1.9 mg cm⁻², close to the amount of LBPSI used in the cathode of an ASSLSB. In the dQ/dV plots, we can observe distinct oxidation and reduction peaks owing to the redox behaviour of the LBPSI electrolyte itself. It should be noted that a small but constant fraction (7.8–8.9%) of the capacity comes from the fully reversible redox behaviour of the LBPSI electrolyte at all investigated rates, as quantified by the cell using LBPSI as the only active material. i, The dQ/dV plots of the ASSLSB fitted with LBPSI at 60 °C, with varied charging rates from 5C to 150C and a fixed discharging rate of 2C (sulfur loading: 1.05 mg cm⁻²). j, The dQ/dV plots of the ASSLSB fitted with Li_5.5PS_4.5Cl_1.5 at charging rates from 5C to 150C and a fixed discharging rate of 2C at 60 °C. k,l, The discharge–charge voltage profiles (k) and dQ/dV plots (l) of the cell with LBPSI as the active material (containing no sulfur in cathode) at 60 °C (discharging current density is 3.5 mA cm⁻²; the loading of LBPSI is 1.9 mg cm⁻²).