Extended Data Fig. 7: Assessment of other exposures on magnitude of vaccine response in VaccGene.

(a) The proportion of variance explained (r²) by variables including self-reported maternal ethnicity (including only groups containing 20 or more individuals), number of diarrhoeal episodes reported between birth and blood sampling for vaccine response measurement, number of lower respiratory tract infections, number of upper respiratory tract infections, number of episodes of malaria, presence of asymptomatic parasitaemia at the point of blood sampling and whether or not the infant was breast fed before sampling. The cohorts in which the variables were available are listed in the legend. (b) Distributions of antibody responses against DT stratified by number of diarrhoeal episodes between birth and sampling in Ugandan (UG) and South African (SA) individuals with test of significance calculated using linear regression, P in SA 0.02. (c) Distributions of antibody responses against FHA stratified by breast feeding status before blood sampling in UG individuals with test of significance performed using linear regression, P = 0.01. (d) Distributions of antibody responses against DT and HBsAg stratified by presence of asymptomatic parasitaemia at point of sampling for vaccine response in Ugandan (UG) and Burkinabe (BF) individuals with test of significance undertaken using linear regression. The P-value in BF individuals testing for HBsAg is 0.03. The box plot centre line represents the median; the box limits, the upper and lower quartiles; and the whiskers are the 1.5x interquartile range. All plots include data from 1391 Ugandan, 755 South African and 355 Burkinabe individuals. Differences in (b) to (d) tested using a 2-tailed Wilcoxon rank test. No adjustment for multiple testing was applied to any of the reported statistical associations. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.