Table 4 Associations between fruit and vegetable intake and depressive symptoms over time (5–11 years), n = 3483.

From: Longitudinal associations between fruit and vegetable intakes and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults from four international twin cohorts

	Partially adjusted			Fully adjusted
	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value
Fruit
All cohorts—low	Ref			Ref
MADT—moderate	− .005	− .010, − .001		− .005	− .010, − .001
MADT—high	− .001	− .007,.006		− .002	− .008, .005
MTSADA—moderate	− .009	− .025, .007		− .008	− .023, .008
MTSADA—high	− .018	− .033, − .004		− .020	− .034, − .006
OATS—moderate	− .017	− .027, − .006		-.017	− .028, − .006
OATS—high	− .008	− .019, .002		− .008	− .019, .003
SATSA—moderate	.008	− .003, .019		.005	− .006, .015
SATSA—high	− .004	− .015, .007		− .006	− .017, .006
Combined— moderate	− .006	− .016, .004	.269	− .006	− .015, .003	.166
Combined—high	− .006	− .013, .001	.079	− .007	− .014, − .000	.040
Vegetables
All cohorts—low	Ref			Ref
MADT—moderate	− .005	− .010, − .000		− .005	− .010, .000
MADT—high	− .007	− .012, − .002		− .006	− .011, − .001
MTSADA—moderate	− .013	− .027, .001		− .013	− .026, .001
MTSADA—high	− .011	− .025, .003		− .013	− .027, .001
OATS—moderate	− .005	− .017, .006		− .006	− .018, .005
OATS—high	− .005	− .017, .008		− .005	− .017, .007
SATSA—moderate	.002	− .009, .013		.000	− .010, .011
SATSA—high	− .003	− .015, .008		− .003	− .014,.009
Combined—moderate	− .005	− .009, − .000	.035	− .005	− .009, − .001	.014
Combined—high	− .007	− .011, − .003	.002	− .006	− .011, − .002	.002

Mean intakes serves/day combined analysis: Fruit—Low 0.3 ± 0.2, Moderate 1.0 ± 0.2, High 2.1 ± 0.8; Vegetables—Low 0.5 ± 0.3, Moderate 1.1 ± 0.4, High 2.0 ± 0.7. Analysis based on log₁₀ transformed depressive symptoms, transforming back β for the fully adjusted model results in the following ratios—Fruit: Moderate 0.986, High 0.984, Vegetables: Moderate 0.989, High 0.985. Based on a median depressive symptom score of 18, a change from low intake is associated with the following reduction in depressive symptoms: Fruit—Moderate 0.25, High 0.29; Vegetables—Moderate 0.20, High 0.26. Partially adjusted model adjusted for age, sex, education and living alone status; fully adjusted model additionally adjusted for BMI, physical health and cognitive ability.
MADT Middle Age Danish Twins Study; MTSADA Minnesota Twin Study of Adult Development and Aging; OATS Older Australian Twins Study; SATSA Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging.
Significant results indicated in bold.

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Table 4 Associations between fruit and vegetable intake and depressive symptoms over time (5–11 years), n = 3483.

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