Table 1 Standardized factor loadings from the two-factor CFA.

Social

0.55

7

People at your school gossip about a classmate of yours. You tell them that the classmate might not like that and ask them to talk about something else, even though they might gossip about you afterwards

18

0.54

5

Someone in your class is being bullied. When a mean remark is made toward them in class, you decide to say something about it and stand up for the person being bullied, even though you run the risk of being bullied afterwards

13

0.45

3

On the street, you see two children, about 10 years old, fighting with each other and think that it could become physical. You intervene by telling them to stop, even though you might get kicked or punched

9

0.45

10

While walking to the locker room for a sip of water during gym class, you notice that a classmate is rummaging in someone else’s bag. You ask what they are doing, even though you might get an aggressive response

7

0.39

12

While you are refereeing a game for a youth athletic league, a benched player from the opposing team is yelling at one of the players a lot. You say something to the benched player, even though you may subsequently become the target of the yelling

4

0.36

1

Your teacher tells the class to form groups for a project. There is still a spot in the group of unpopular classmates. You decide to team up with them, even though your friends may not be happy about it

14

0.31

4

On social media, you see a hurtful comment under a nice photo of someone you don’t know. You reply that their comment is uncalled for, even though you might get nasty messages afterwards

12

0.33

8

You’re sitting in the public library, where people are quietly reading and working. Someone around your age comes into the library talking loudly on the phone. You say something to them, even though they might snap at you

20

Material

0.63

2

While biking to school, you notice that someone else is biking through the grass. They slip because there is mud, and they need help to get up. You go over to help them, even though this will get your new shoes covered in mud

2

0.55

9

During a walk, you pass a shallow creek where a child is playing by the edge of the water. As you walk by, the child slips into the creek. You decide to walk through the mud to the water’s edge and reach out to help, even though you might slip into the creek yourself

21

0.45

11

While waiting at the bus stop, someone asks you in a panic for your help. The person has a phone with a dead battery, but needs to call someone urgently. You hand over your phone so the person can make a quick call

26

0.39

6

As you walk to your platform at the train station, a stranger asks if you can help them buy a train ticket. You walk to the ticket machine to do so, even though you fear it might be a trick to steal your wallet

28