Fig. 4: The DCA curves in the study sets.

a–c Represent the DCA curves for the models in the training set, external validation set 1, and external validation set 2, respectively. The stacking model exhibits the best net benefit in the study set.
a–c Represent the DCA curves for the models in the training set, external validation set 1, and external validation set 2, respectively. The stacking model exhibits the best net benefit in the study set.