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Previous ophthalmic foundation models have struggled to generalize effectively to diverse and rare fundus diseases, restricting their clinical applicability. Here, the authors introduce a vision-language foundation model that demonstrates superior performance in diagnosing both common and rare fundus conditions.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

A genome-wide association study meta-analysis combined with multiomics data of osteoarthritis identifies 700 effector genes as well as biological processes with a convergent involvement of multiple effector genes; 10% of these genes express the target of approved drugs.

Intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of oxidopyrylium ylides provide access to privileged bridged seven-membered polycyclic structures. Now, an enantioselective method enabled by a non-covalent activation strategy using chiral acid catalysis is reported, allowing multiple stereogenic centres to be constructed in one step with high efficiency, enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

Deep-learning models for the automated measurement of retinal-vessel calibre in retinal photographs perform comparably to or better than expert graders in associations of measurements of retinal-vessel calibre with cardiovascular risk factors.

Of 248 marine heatwaves between 1993 and 2019 in North American and European seas, the effects on fish biomass were often minimal, and the heatwaves were not consistently associated with tropicalization or deborealization.

In this work, authors utilise genome-wide CRISPRi screening to identify vulnerabilities in isoniazid-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Stratified medicine promises to tailor treatment for individual patients, however it remains a major challenge to leverage genetic risk data to aid patient stratification. Here the authors introduce an approach to stratify individuals based on the aggregated impact of their genetic risk factor profiles on tissue-specific gene expression levels, and highlight its ability to identify biologically meaningful and clinically actionable patient subgroups, supporting the notion of different patient ‘biotypes’ characterized by partially distinct disease mechanisms.

ARF4 GTPase activity is needed for vesicular trafficking for multiple RNA viruses. Blocking ARF4 using specific peptides redirects viral progeny to lysosomal degradation and decreases influenza and Zika virus infection in mice.

Mutations of the histone H3K36-specific methyltransferase ASH1L have been linked to several human diseases. Here, the authors report the mechanism by which three C-terminal domains in ASH1L regulate its enzymatic activity and interact with chromatin.

The lack of appropriate models restricts pre-clinical research for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here the authors report the development and characterization of NPC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and EBV positive NPC cell line from patient tumor, and suggest their potential use in future NPC research.

The microporous polymer membranes with the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups achieve high selectivity for monovalent/divalent ion separation in electrodialysis processes, providing an alternative approach to lithium extraction with easy scale-up.

Loss of PIK3R1 in ovarian cancer is a common event, which provides opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, the authors show that the STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways are activated upon PIK3R1 loss and that, in mice, inhibitors of these pathways could block tumorigenesis.

The inherent inaccuracy of viral RNA polymerases promotes viral evolution, but the importance of viral genetic diversity during infection is unclear. Here, Cheung et al.show that influenza strains with enhanced polymerase fidelity and low mutational frequency display reduced pathogenicity in mice.

Post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (PI-ME/CFS) is a disabling disorder, yet the clinical phenotype is poorly defined and the pathophysiology unknown. Here, the authors conduct deep phenotyping of a cohort of PI-ME/CFS patients.

The molecular mechanisms of how small changes in the degree of inclusion of a neuron-specific microexon in CPEB4 lead to dominant-negative effects in the expression of genes associated with autism spectrum disorder are identified.

Extending the interval between doses of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines has been linked with a reduced risk of myocarditis in children and adolescents, but impacts on vaccine effectiveness are not known. Here, the authors perform a nested case-control study using data from Hong Kong and find evidence of reduced risk of infection following a longer dosing interval.

The p85 regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) exists in two major isoforms: p85-alpha and -beta. Here, the authors reveal that p85-beta has a unique nuclear activity where it regulates gene transcription and contributes to tumorigenesis.

A deep learning algorithm shows promising performance in predicting progression to diabetic retinopathy in patients, up to 5 years in advance, potentially providing support for medical treatment decisions and indications for personalized screening frequency in a real-world cohort.

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) achieves high recanalization rates in acute stroke, but many patients still experience poor outcomes. Here, the authors show that intravenous edaravone dexborneol (ED) is safe and reduces early hemorrhage but does not significantly improve 90-day functional outcomes in stroke patients after EVT.

Genome-wide association studies generate extensive data, but interpreting these data remains challenging. A Bayesian-network-based method is presented that uses imputed and raw gene expression data to decipher the causal effects of individual genes.

The CMS Collaboration reports the study of three simultaneous hard interactions between quarks and gluons in proton–proton collisions. This manifests through the concurrent production of three J/ψ mesons, which consist of a charm-quark–antiquark pair.

The synthesis of a zigzag carbon nanobelt has been achieved through an iterative Diels–Alder reaction followed by reductive aromatization. The isolated nanobelt was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and its wide energy gap with blue fluorescence properties was revealed by photophysical measurements.

Here the authors provide exploratory analyses of a clinical trial evaluating immunogenicity of inactivated and mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and show that CoronaVac primed groups have disparate T cell responses and nucleocapsid specific antibodies compared to BNT162b2 that may protect in the absence of robust neutralizing antibody responses.

Neuronal populations in the prefrontal cortex are involved in associative learning. Here the authors use longitudinal imaging and computational approaches in the mouse prefrontal cortex to observe changes in neuronal ensembles during fear conditioning.

Using ethnically and geographically diverse metagenomic data, the authors identify microbiota alterations associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They discover universal IBD-associated bacteria, which serve as the basis for a multibacteria biomarker panel that could support a noninvasive tool for IBD diagnosis.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.