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Previous ophthalmic foundation models have struggled to generalize effectively to diverse and rare fundus diseases, restricting their clinical applicability. Here, the authors introduce a vision-language foundation model that demonstrates superior performance in diagnosing both common and rare fundus conditions.

Hydrogel materials have emerged as versatile platforms for biomedical applications. Here this group reports an mRNA lipid nanoparticle-incorporated microgel matrix for immune cell recruitment/antigen expression and presentation/cellular interaction thereby eliciting antitumor efficacy with a single dose.

The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

The antiviral protein SP140 negatively regulates Ifnb1 mRNA stability by directly repressing the expression of the immune regulator RESIST.

Fang and colleagues show that the metabolite succinate can inhibit succinylation, and consequently protection from ubiquitin-mediated degradation, of the transcription factor FOXP3, with consequences on T_reg cell-suppressive function and IBD pathology.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

Robust superconductivity is demonstrated in La₂PrNi₂O₇ thin films on a SrLaAlO₄ substrate.

To date, brain gene therapies require high vector doses. Here, authors devised an AAV capsid screen and found variants with unprecedented potency for transduction of deep brain and cortical neurons and human iPSC-neurons with cell tropism relevant for Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease.

Interfering water waves can be tailored to realize topological structures, namely wave vortices, skyrmions and polarization Möbius strips, that can be used to manipulate particles floating on the water surface.

In a large multinational cohort study, maternal, gestational or pregestational diabetes was associated with only a small-to-moderate risk of ADHD in offspring, contrary to previous estimates that showed stronger effect sizes, attributing the differences in findings to confounding by shared genetic and familial factors.

Non-Abelian lattice gauge fields in photonic synthetic frequency dimensions can be used to study lattice physics in a scalable and programmable way.

The authors study electron-doped cuprate superconductor Pr_1−xLaCe_xCuO_4-δ using ARPES and muon spin spectroscopy. They find that T_c is proportional to the quasiparticle weight of the hole pocket near the nodal points, which arises from Fermi-surface reconstruction associated with antiferromagnetic order.

Donor exciton delocalization and its impact on photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells remains less explored. Here, the authors found that delocalized excitons are formed in aggregates of the donor polymer D18, and that these delocalized excitons mediate charge generation in solar cells.

The authors achieve precise strain control of freestanding SrTiO₃ membranes, enabling reversible ferroelectric transition. In-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy unveils classical-to-quantum crossover in ferroelectric phase transition at low temperatures.

Organic fluorescent nanoparticles have potential biomaterials applications due to their low-toxicity and ‘green’ synthesis. Here, a series of self-assembled nanoparticles and polymers are synthesized with intense visible fluorescence stemming from chromophores of hydrogen-bonded monoacylglycerol clusters.

Luo et al. conducted a multinational cohort study examining the trends in mortality risk among 1,272,495 individuals with incident dementia between 2000 and 2018. There is a consistent decline in mortality risk following dementia diagnosis in the UK, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong, indicating potential advancements in dementia care.

Changes in terrestrial runoff into the Bay of Bengal during both extremely weak and strong Indian summer monsoon phases since the Last Glacial Maximum caused a collapse in marine primary production linked to increased stratification, according to proxy records from a marine sediment core.

A systematic review with a Burden of Proof meta-analysis reporting a nonlinear relationship between ambient fine particulate matter and dementia across 28 longitudinal cohort studies, highlighting the potential impact of air pollution on brain aging.

Here the authors present a large genetic study in East Asians that identifies 97 genetic regions linked to kidney function. These findings aim at better understanding chronic kidney disease in diverse populations.

Sun et al. report human lifespan changes in the brain’s functional connectome in 33,250 individuals, which highlights critical growth milestones and distinct maturation patterns and offers a normative reference for development, aging and diseases.

The realization of efficient perovskite/organic tandem solar cells has been challenging due to large voltage deficits and severe non-radiative recombination. Here, the authors introduce sandwiched hole transport configuration for more balanced carrier transport, achieving efficiency of 26.05%.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

Robust bioanalytical and modeling methods are needed for covalent drug discovery. Here, the authors demonstrate a mass spectrometry (MS) assay to measure target engagement of any drug-target protein complex, a universal PK/PD model for covalent drugs, and a decision tree to guide research.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

The death of massive stars has traditionally been discovered by explosive events in the gamma-ray band. Liu et al. show that the sensitive wide-field monitor on board Einstein Probe can reveal a weak soft-X-ray signal much earlier than gamma rays.

The understanding of the reemergence of pressure induced superconductivity in alkali-metal intercalated FeSe is hampered by sample complexities. Here, Sun et al. report the electronic properties of (Li_1–xFe _x )OHFe_1–ySe single crystal not only in the reemerged superconducting state but also in the normal state.

The collective-flow-assisted nuclear shape-imaging method images the nuclear global shape by colliding them at ultrarelativistic speeds and analysing the collective response of outgoing debris.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.

KRAS^G12D mutations frequently co-occur with mutated TP53 tumour suppressor in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here the authors report the design of dual targeted therapeutic extracellular vesicles containing high copy numbers of TP53 mRNA and siKRAS^G12D, showing anti-tumor activity in PDAC preclinical models.

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, the authors report a cryo-EM structure of the human TAS2R14 in complex with its signaling partner gustducin, and bound to an anti-inflammatory drug flufenamic acid (FFA).

In patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), sitravatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) has shown efficacy both alone and in combination with nivolumab (anti-PD-1). Here, the authors investigate triplet combination of sitravatinib with nivolumab and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4) in patients with metastatic ccRCC and longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic analysis.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Liver fibrosis develops from excessive matrix produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Here, authors identify ABHD17B via an siRNA screen and show that ABHD17B regulates the fibrotic activity of HSCs and promotes liver fibrosis in vivo.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

The semileptonic decay channels of the Λc baryon can give important insights into weak interaction, but decay into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino has not been reported so far, due to difficulties in the final products’ identification. Here, the BESIII Collaboration reports its observation in e+e- collision data, exploiting machine-learning-based identification techniques.

Yang et al. show that transcription–replication collisions lead to large tandem duplications, which are frequent in female-enriched, upper gastrointestinal tract and prostate cancers and are associated with poor survival and mutations in specific genes, such as CDK12.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Investigating the inner structure of baryons is important to further our understanding of the strong interaction. Here, the BESIII Collaboration extracts the absolute value of the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors and its relative phase for e + e − → J/ψ → ΛΣ decays, enhancing the signal thanks to the vacuum polarisation effect at the J/ψ peak.

Stratified medicine promises to tailor treatment for individual patients, however it remains a major challenge to leverage genetic risk data to aid patient stratification. Here the authors introduce an approach to stratify individuals based on the aggregated impact of their genetic risk factor profiles on tissue-specific gene expression levels, and highlight its ability to identify biologically meaningful and clinically actionable patient subgroups, supporting the notion of different patient ‘biotypes’ characterized by partially distinct disease mechanisms.