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The multihole mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction on semiconductor electrodes has been hard to elucidate due to a lack of atomic-scale structural characterization of the material interface. Using pulse voltammetry and simulations of α-Fe₂O₃ photoanodes, this study predicts the chemical origin of the third-order rate dependence on holes.

Cohesin functions must be tightly regulated. Here Prusén Mota et al. show that the cohesin regulator SORORIN is conserved beyond the animal kingdom and they provide the first organismal in vivo evidence that SORORIN antagonizes WAPL.

The authors evolved antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori in the absence of antibiotics and presence of DNA from antibiotic-sensitive strains. Horizontal gene transfer mediated the molecular reverse evolution of the antibiotic-resistance gene to the antibiotic-sensitive allele, and the authors used theoretical modelling to determine the evolutionary conditions that promote reverse evolution.

Light-driven approaches could lower the carbon footprint of chemical production. Here the authors use the perovskite oxide LaMn_1−xCu_xO₃ as a photocatalyst to convert ethane to ethylene and hydrogen.

Ternary blend polymer solar cells incorporating near-IR materials are among the most promising approaches for effectively improving photovoltaic performance because they can extend the light-harvesting wavelength range and simultaneously improve charge transport. Here, we briefly review the progress in polymer solar cells and describe our recent studies on ternary blend polymer solar cells incorporating near-IR dye molecules. Of particular importance is the interfacial engineering for the placement of near-IR dye molecules at the donor/acceptor interface in ternary blend polymer solar cells.

Although SARS-CoV2 epitope characterization has been the focus of extensive research, these efforts have largely focused on the spike protein. Here, the authors demonstrate that CD8⁺ T cell responses can be directed against a dominant nucleocapsid epitope and rely on a highly focused T cell receptor repertoire.

Here, the authors constructed a deep-learning approach to design closed repeat proteins with central binding pockets—a step towards designing proteins to specifically bind small molecules.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

Protected areas across mega-diverse Southeast Asia are associated with elevated vertebrate biodiversity inside their boundaries and in surrounding areas.

Association analyses in over 1 million individuals identify 535 new loci influencing blood pressure traits. The results provide new insights into blood pressure regulation and highlight shared genetic architecture between blood pressure and lifestyle exposures.

In a new study including 200 families who experienced perinatal death, adding genomic analyses to standard autopsies improved the identification of underlying pathogenic causes and informed genetic counseling.

Effective anti-PD-1 immunotherapy is associated with the presence of polyclonal CD8⁺ T cells in the tumour and blood specific for a limited number of immunodominant mutations, which are recurrently recognized over time.

A comprehensive analysis of brain somatic mosaicism across the neocortex demonstrates the origins and distribution patterns of cells within the human brain.

Comprehensive analyses of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas by The Cancer Genome Atlas project show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including TP53 in nearly all samples; a potential therapeutic target is identified in most of the samples studied.

Focal therapy is an emerging treatment option that involves the focal ablation of prostate cancer with preservation of surrounding healthy tissue, which might result in reduced morbidity. In this Review the authors discuss the controversy surrounding optimal patient selection, preoperative tumour localization strategies and the lack of long-term oncological data for focal therapy modalities.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider reports a search for charged-lepton-flavour violation in decays of Z bosons into a τ lepton and an electron or muon of opposite charge.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports a measurement of the ratio of the decay rates of W bosons to τ leptons and muons, in agreement with universal lepton couplings as postulated in the standard model of particle physics.

A Phase I/II trial previously revealed variable anti-tumor efficacy of the PARP inhibitor niraparib in combination with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer patients. Here, the authors perform an integrated genomic and immunomics analysis of tumor samples from the same patients and find potential predictive biomarkers of response to such combination therapy.

High and medium-entropy alloys have shown excellent mechanical performance, yet the role of short-range order (SRO) on these properties has been unclear. Here, the authors demonstrate that the reduction of SRO by deformation leads to rejuvenation, explaining their remarkable damage tolerance.

Eomesodermin is the key transcription factor for the development of ‘virtual memory’ T cells that develop in the absence of antigen-driven activation. Here the authors show that type I interferons directly activate eomesodermin and contribute to the homeostasis of virtual memory CD8⁺T cells.

A consortium reports the tripling of the number of genetic markers in Phase II of the International HapMap Project. This map of human genetic variation will continue to revolutionize discovery of susceptibility loci in common genetic diseases, and study of genes under selection in humans.

The accurate determination of quark mixing parameters is essential for the understanding of the Standard Model. The LHCb collaboration now reports the coupling strength of the b quark to the u quark through the measurement of a baryonic decay mode.

The Large Hadron Collider beauty collaboration reports a test of lepton flavour universality in decays of bottom mesons into strange mesons and a charged lepton pair, finding evidence of a violation of this principle postulated in the standard model.

Schreier et al. report a previously undescribed cytoplasmic condensate, termed the paternal epigenetic inheritance (PEI) granule, that contains the Argonaute protein WAGO-3 and 22G small RNAs and mediates paternal epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans.

John Chambers, Jaspal Kooner, Pim van der Harst, Shyong Tai, Paul Elliott, Jiang He, Norihiro Kato and colleagues performed a genome-wide association study of blood pressure phenotypes in individuals of European, East Asian and South Asian ancestry. They find trait-associated SNPs at 12 loci, some of which are associated with methylation at nearby CpG sites.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Here, Pattaro et al. conduct a meta-analysis to discover several new loci associated with variation in eGFR and find that genes associated with eGFR loci often encode proteins potentially related to kidney development.

Sparse labelling and whole-brain imaging are used to reconstruct and classify brain-wide complete morphologies of 1,741 individual neurons in the mouse brain, revealing a dependence on both brain region and transcriptomic profile.

The LHCb collaboration reports an improved measurement of the oscillation frequency of mesons consisting of a bottom quark and strange quark, which is then combined with previous results.

Whole-genome sequencing of 3,171 cultivated and 195 wild chickpea accessions is used to construct a chickpea pan-genome, providing insight into chickpea evolution and enabling breeding strategies that could improve crop productivity.

The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network has constructed a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex in a landmark effort towards understanding brain cell-type diversity, neural circuit organization and brain function.

Microcombs provide many opportunities for integration in optical communications systems. Here, the authors implement a soliton crystal microcomb as a tool to demonstrate more than 44 Tb/s communications with high spectral efficiency.

An optical vector convolutional accelerator operating at more than ten trillion operations per second is used to create an optical convolutional neural network that can successfully recognize handwritten digit images with 88 per cent accuracy.

Alzheimer’s disease is heterogeneous in its neuroimaging and clinical phenotypes. Here the authors present a semi-supervised deep learning method, Smile-GAN, to show four neurodegenerative patterns and two progression pathways providing prognostic and clinical information.

Natural selection may favor traits underlying aging-related diseases if they benefit the young. Wang et al. find that oxidative activation of CaMKII provides physiological benefits critical to the initial and continued success of vertebrates but at the cost of disease, frailty, and shortened lifespan.