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Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Optical activity resulting from electronic transitions in chiral inorganic materials is rare. Liu et al. report the synthesis of amino acid-derived amphiphile templated chiral TiO₂fibres, which exhibit an optical response to polarized light resulting from valence to conduction band electronic transitions.

Here, analyzing data from a six-month clinical trial in pre-diabetes, the authors found 166 of 2,803 measured features, including oral and gut microbiome, metabolites and cytokines, significantly changed in response to dietary interventions; highlighting the microbiome’s role in cardiometabolic health and revealing potential therapeutic avenues.

The fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici causes wheat powdery mildew disease. Here, Sotiropoulos et al. analyze a global sample of 172 mildew genomes, providing evidence that humans drove global spread of the pathogen throughout history and that mildew rapidly evolved through hybridization with local fungal strains.

Converting CO₂ to valuable chemicals is of high interest. Here the authors address the challenge of low CO2 solubility in water by incorporating a metal-organic framework layer to enhance CO₂ pre-concentration and activation before its electroreduction by the underlying solid electrocatalyst.

Subfemtosecond selective breaking of chemical bonds—such as carbon-hydrogen bonds in organic molecules—can open up new routes for laser-driven synthesis. Here, the authors show directional control of proton ejection in a symmetric acetylene molecule.

Using a combination of antibody- and LC–MS/MS-based methods, Zhang et al. reveal lysine l-lactylation as the key lactylation isomer in cellular histones, responding dynamically to glycolysis and positively correlating with lactyl-CoA levels, providing insights into the Warburg effect.

Hydrophobe/water interfaces are crucial for many chemical processes, but to be fully understood, a better appreciation of the behaviour of non-hydrogen-bonded OH groups of water is required. It is now shown that such ‘dangling’ OH structures are entropically stabilized and form cooperatively, that is, the probability of their formation depends nonlinearly on hydrophobic surface area.

Barium tagging is a key ingredient for future detectors of neutrinoless double beta decay in low-background environments. Here, the authors demonstrate fluorescence imaging of single Ba2+ ions in high pressure Xenon gas, by comparing activity between Ba2+ chelated and unchelated samples of crown-ether chemosensors.

The trihydrogen cation (H3+) plays a key role in the interstellar chemistry. Here the authors, using state of the art experiments and computation, identify factors that govern H3+ formation from doubly ionized small organic molecules, offering guidelines for examining alternative sources of H3+ in the universe.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

A system employing liquid-handling robotics and an integrated mobile microscope enables the automated culture, sample collection and in situ microscopy imaging of up to ten fluidically coupled organ chips within a standard tissue-culture incubator.

Controlling the kinetics and thermodynamics of electrochemical processes is essential to achieve high-performance multielectron reduction. Here, the authors report laser-induced copper bipyramids with abundant nanograins and controlled tip angles for enhanced multielectron CO₂ and nitrate reduction.

Identifying complex patterns through deep learning often comes at the cost of interpretability. Focusing on the interpretation of classification of in vitro fertilization embryos, the authors present DISCOVER, an approach that enables visual interpretability of image-based classification models.

Eggerthella lenta is a prominent human gut bacterium implicated in several physiological processes, but its study has remained limited. Here, by developing a genetic toolbox for E. lenta, the authors provide insights into how the bacterium regulates drug and dietary compound metabolism.

Single-nucleus and single-cell RNA sequencing plus spatial profiling with four methods of core biopsies from 60 patients with metastatic breast cancer reveal patient-specific gene expression programs of breast cancer metastases that are maintained across time, site of metastasis and spatial profiling method, with spatial phenotypes correlating with microenvironmental features.

DeepFinder is a deep learning-based tool for identifying macromolecules in cellular cryo-electron tomograms. DeepFinder performs with an accuracy comparable to expert-supervised ground truth annotations on multiple experimental datasets.

Identification and classification of cells in multiplexed microscopy remain challenging. Here, the authors propose CellSighter, which uses neural networks to perform cell classification directly on multiplexed images, thus leveraging the spatial expression characteristics of proteins.

Assembly and analysis of the Schmidtea mediterranea genome indicate that this planarian’s chromosome 1 may be evolving into a sex chromosome.

Eitan et al. discovered genetic variants in the 3′UTR for the gene encoding IL-18 receptor that protect against ALS. The variant 3′UTR destabilizes the mRNA and dampens microglia NF-κB signaling and neurotoxicity, thus emphasizing the value of noncoding genetic association studies.

Contrary to the view that urbanization is a major driver of the global rise in obesity, the global increase in body-mass index is shown to be mostly due to increases in the body-mass indexes of rural populations.

An approach for the design of protein pores is demonstrated by the computational design and subsequent experimental expression of both an ion-selective and a large transmembrane pore.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

Water plays an active role in modulating guest recognition by both artificial and biological hosts, but how this role can be controlled is unclear. Now, the de-wetting of the non-polar pockets of cavitands is shown to be affected by the orientation of methyl groups encircling the portal, which moderate the enthalpic and entropic contributions driving recognition.

Host-guest solid state molecular motion is a critical but underexplored phenomenon which can be used to control molecular machines that function in the solid state. Here, the authors describe a solid state machine that shows solvent vapour- and mechanically-induced molecular motion that allows access to different crystalline and amorphous forms.

Studying the dynamics of electrons is important for understanding fundamental processes in materials. Here the ionization of a pair of electrons in argon atoms is explored on attosecond timescales, offering insight into their correlated emission and the double ionization mechanism.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports a measurement of the ratio of the decay rates of W bosons to τ leptons and muons, in agreement with universal lepton couplings as postulated in the standard model of particle physics.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider reports a search for charged-lepton-flavour violation in decays of Z bosons into a τ lepton and an electron or muon of opposite charge.

The IDG-DREAM Challenge carried out crowdsourced benchmarking of predictive algorithms for kinase inhibitor activities on unpublished data. This study provides a resource to compare emerging algorithms and prioritize new kinase activities to accelerate drug discovery and repurposing efforts.

Extensive crosslinking in thermosetting polymers provides their desirable durability but makes them difficult to recycle. Now acetal-based monomers containing nucleophilic pendant groups have been incorporated into polyurethanes, which are stable in aqueous acid yet degradable at room temperature under organic acidic conditions. The degradation products were upcycled into higher-value, long-lasting materials.

Deep-Z uses deep learning to go from a two-dimensional snapshot to three-dimensional fluorescence images. The method improves imaging speed while reducing light dose, and was shown to be useful for accurate structural and functional imaging of neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans.

One of the possible events signaling a neutrinoless double beta decay is a Xe atom decaying into a Ba ion and two electrons. Aiming at the realisation of a detector for such a process, the authors show that Ba ions can be efficiently trapped (chelated) in vacuum by an organic molecule layer on a surface.

H₂ roaming is associated with H₃⁺ formation when certain organic molecules are exposed to strong laser fields. Here, the mechanistic details and time-resolved dynamics of H₃⁺ formation from a series of alcohols were obtained and found that the product yield decreases as the carbon chain length increases.

Perou and colleagues perform genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses on pairs of primary and metastatic breast tumors, detecting subtype switching and changes in immune signatures and DNA methylation patterns associated with metastasis.

The success of deep learning in analyzing bioimages comes at the expense of biologically meaningful interpretations. We review the state of the art of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in bioimaging and discuss its potential in hypothesis generation and data-driven discovery.

Acyclic cucurbituril-type molecular containers have been found to increase the solubility of insoluble pharmaceutical agents in water by up to 2,750-fold. In vitro and in vivo toxicology studies suggest that the containers are well tolerated, and paclitaxel solubilized in this manner efficiently kills HeLa and SK-OV-3 cancer cells.

Here, using animal models, Deodhar et al. single parenteral dose of dolutegravir (DTG) prodrug nanocrystals sustains drug protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for up to a year, without injection site reactions or systemic toxicities.