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In this cross-sectional study, the authors used structural MRI to compare subcortical volumes, cortical thickness and surface area between early-onset anorexia nervosa, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and typically developing young individuals.

How higher-order thalamic feedback modulates sensory-evoked cortical activity is not fully understood. This study reveals that synaptic feedback from the thalamus selectively increases the excitability of distinct cortical neurons through NMDARs and mGluR-mediated modulation of potassium channels, thereby enhancing sensory processing.

Here, the authors show that reactivating motor memories during sleep at moments of high (vs. low) neuronal excitability (up vs. down phases of slow oscillations) enhances their consolidation. Up-reactivation strengthens sleep markers of plasticity and the neural responses supporting memory consolidation.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is increasingly recognized for its potential to improve antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV. Here the authors conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis, revealing that CBT significantly enhances adherence, especially in individuals with psychiatric comorbidities and in low- and middle-income countries, although effects on viral metrics remain unclear.

FIKK effector kinases underwent rapid evolutionary expansion and are a druggable target in Plasmodium falciparum.

This study assessed COVID-19 social science preprints’ replicability using structured groups. Both beginners and more-experienced participants used a elicitation protocol to make better-than-chance predictions about the reliability of research claims under high uncertainty.

Study shows PTSD predisposition shares distinct genes and genomic regions with several cardiovascular conditions. Here the findings reveal neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways, and repurposed drug targets that further the understanding of the comorbidity.

In situ cryoEM and modelling of the Campylobacter jejuni flagellar motor characterize the periplasmic scaffold and the structural basis for increased torque generation.

The associations between gut metabolites, brain activity, and behavior in youth with autism is unclear. Here authors show that some tryptophan metabolites are different in autism and are associated with autism symptoms and activity in interoceptive brain regions.

Previous work has realized a superconducting switch in heterostructures of superconductors and ferromagnetic insulators, but the effect has been smaller than originally predicted. Here, the authors report an absolute superconducting switch by inserting a heavy metal layer in the EuS/Nb/EuS heterostructure.

Following spinal cord injury, gamified physical therapy that incorporates closed-loop vagus nerve stimulation can aid restoration of arm and hand function.

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, dapagliflozin, as an adjunct to insulin, resulted in significant reductions in glomerular filtration rate and measures of glycemia when compared to placebo in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Energy insecurity is a major concern in the USA, but rooftop solar may be an effective tool for reducing this insecurity of vulnerable households. New research finds that rooftop solar leads to a large reduction in energy insecurity, particularly among low- to moderate-income households in the country.

Over time, paralogous genes accumulate changes in their sequences that do not affect their function, which is called cryptic variation. Using paralogous myosins, this study shows how cryptic variation modulates the functional effect of mutations and biases duplicates to distinct evolutionary fates.

Voelkel et al. find that two interventions designed to reduce affective polarization do not also significantly reduce anti-democratic attitudes.

Every spring, Bogong moths use the starry night sky as a compass to navigate up to 1,000 km towards their alpine migratory goal.

Wandelt et al. describe a brain–machine interface that captures intracortical neural activity during internal speech (words said within the mind with no associated movement or audio output) and translates those cortical signals into real-time text.

Ivashkiv and colleagues show that IL-10 inhibits the expression and DNA binding of IRF1 and IRF5, two transcription factors that have an amplifying role in the induction of inflammatory NF-κB target genes and directly induce the expression of ISGs.

How does the brain balance specialization and integration? Using high-resolution MRI and a post-mortem atlas, this study reveals how local and global cortical organization are linked, shaping functional diversity across brain areas.

Deep phenotyping of responses to carbohydrate meals and mitigators revealed interindividual differences in postprandial glycemic responses that reflect underlying metabolic physiology, such as insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.

Asymmetry is a key organising principle of the brain. Here the authors leveraged rare genetic mutations to revisit structural brain asymmetry showing the planum temporale is susceptible to deletions & duplications of specific gene sets.

Kopal and colleagues built computational bridges between rare CNVs in a clinical dataset and their deep phenotypic profiling in ~40,000 UK Biobank participants. Results show that CNVs are associated with many organ systems across the entire body.

The KL-VS haplotype of the Klotho gene has been associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Here the authors show an association between the KL-VS haplotype and amyloid-dependent tau accumulation using PET data.

Gradients of cell recognition molecules wire a sensorimotor interface in Drosophila.

Brain-wide mapping of synapse molecular composition in Pax6 mutant mice shows remodelling and restoration of synaptome architecture during development, a possible means of conferring resilience to genetic disorders.

Cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors (CVM) impact brain structure and increase dementia risk. Here, the authors developed and validated machine learning models to measure the neuroanatomical changes in people with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases that are cognitively unimpaired.

Synaptic dysfunction is hypothesised to play a key role in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Here, using [¹¹C]UCB-J PET, the authors show for the first time in vivo that levels of the synaptic marker protein SV2A are reduced in schizophrenia and unaffected by antipsychotic treatment in a rat model.

Biofluorescence is widespread in fishes. Here, the authors compile data on biofluorescence presence across teleost fishes and demonstrate that it may have originally evolved in eels 112 million years ago, but evolved numerous other times as well, often in association with coral reefs.

Ziegler et al. show that healthy young adults who used a meditation-inspired closed-loop app (MediTrain) for 6 weeks experienced gains in both sustained attention and working memory.

Materials design and informatics have become increasingly prominent over the past several decades. Using the Materials Project as an example, this Perspective discusses how properties are calculated and curated, how this knowledge can be used for materials discovery, and the challenges in modelling complex material systems or managing software architecture.

McGovern and co-workers combine human brain signal measurements underlying decision formation with computational modelling to probe age-related differences in perceptual decision-making.

Multi-omics studies are popular but lack rigorous criteria for experimental design. We define Figures of Merit across omics to comparatively describe their performance, and present new algorithms for sample size calculation in multi-omics experiments aiming either at feature selection or sample classification.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the relationship between death anxiety and distress or symptoms of mental disorders. The findings suggest consistently positive associations between death anxiety and distress outcomes.

Behavioural interventions aimed at curbing carbon emissions are inexpensive and easy to implement but can offer the false promise of a quick fix. Across six experiments, the authors show that exposure to a green energy nudge diminishes support for carbon taxes.

Multimodal results (iEEG, fMRI and MEG) of predictions from integrated information theory and global neuronal workspace theory align with some predictions of both theories on visual consciousness, but also critically challenge key tenets of both theories.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.