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Genome-wide sequencing of 180 ancient individuals shows a continuous gradient of ancestry in Early-to-Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherers from the Baltic to the Transbaikal region and distinct contemporaneous groups in Northeast Siberia, and provides insights into the origins of modern Uralic and Yeniseian speakers.

Decarbonizing the steel industry is essential for achieving sustainable development. Here the authors propose a decarbonization strategy for the steel industry that could substantially reduce carbon emissions and is easily adaptable to existing facilities.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Here the authors show that the biological fate of rare earth nanoparticles can be genetically controlled by SMPD1 in cells, offering insights for the prevention or treatment of rare earth associated hazard effects, such as inflammation and pneumoconiosis.

A facile light-triggered doping strategy involving a series of inactive photoactivable dopants is described that facilitates tunable regionally controlled n-doping of organic semiconductors, resulting in stable patterning of the doping profile at record high resolutions.

Bipyridyl herbicides (BPyHs) can be absorbed and inactivated by negatively charged soil after application. Here, the authors overcome the problem by applying BPyHs with the positively charged polymer cationic polyacrylamide and engineer BPyHs-resistant rice line for efficient weed control in field conditions.

A comparison of alpha diversity (number of plant species) and dark diversity (species that are currently absent from a site despite being ecologically suitable) demonstrates the negative effects of regional-scale anthropogenic activity on plant diversity.

Esters can be used as fuels and specialty chemicals for food flavoring, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Here, the authors systematically engineer clostridia, including discovery and deletion of prophages to increase strain stability, for the production of butyl acetate and butyl butyrate from corn stover at low cost.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

Early-onset lung cancer in young adults remains poorly studied. Here, the authors analyse the clinicopathological, molecular, and immune features of early-onset non-small cell lung cancers in a cohort of 421 patients across ten medical centres in China, identifying potential therapeutic strategies for this subgroup.

The semileptonic decay channels of the Λc baryon can give important insights into weak interaction, but decay into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino has not been reported so far, due to difficulties in the final products’ identification. Here, the BESIII Collaboration reports its observation in e+e- collision data, exploiting machine-learning-based identification techniques.

To assess drivers underpinning biogeographic patterns of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry, this study used a global dataset of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of 3,625 species from 7,549 sites. They found strong within-species variation related to environmental gradients, challenging the idea of a fixed biogeochemical niche.

Switchable skeletal editing is valuable in drug discovery, but controllable methods for chemodivergent modifications of azaarenes are challenging. Now transformations of quinolines have been achieved by leveraging cyclizative rearrangement strategies, enabling the construction of four different frameworks, including the enantioselective skeletal editing of quinolines into benzazepines.

Tian et al. report that the chromatin-related factor Whsc1 regulates the exit from pluripotency and germ layer specification of mouse embryonic stem cells by binding to enhancers of mesendodermal regulators.

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are important contributors to anti-tumour immunity, but they often become dysfunctional in cancers. Here authors show that inhibited iNKT intra-tumour motility and iNKT cell exclusion from tumours by macrophages both contribute to their diminished function in cancer, and by therapeutic interference with the respective motility and iNKT-macrophage interaction pathways, their function can be restored.

This study leverages existing fiber-optic networks for urban sensing. By mapping Seismic Source Power, it reveals urban activities, land use patterns, and demographic trends, enabling scalable urban monitoring without additional sensor deployment.

Dipterocarp trees are iconic but severely threatened species in Asian rainforests. This study assembles high-quality genomes of seven dipterocarp species to reveal the molecular basis of key adaptations and identifies a recent sharp population decline coinciding with local human activity.

The authors report a vacancy engineering method to simultaneously optimize carrier concentration and maintain high plasticity, achieving a nearly 10% strain in three-point bending tests and a high ZT of ~0.83 at 343 K in (AgCu)0.998Te0.8Se0.1S0.1.

Rooftop photovoltaic systems are often seen as a niche solution for mitigation but could offer large-scale opportunities. Using multi-source geospatial data and artificial intelligence techniques, the authors map their potential for reducing global temperatures and analyse regional differences.

Resource competition leads to coupling of co-expressed heterologous genes in mammalian cell lines. Here, the authors highlight the effect of competition for protein degradation on gene expression of transiently and stably integrated systems.

A variety of metal electrodes can be deposited on a graphene substrate, delaminated and transferred onto two-dimensional semiconductors to form high-quality metal–semiconductor interfaces.

A heteroepitaxial-strain-based strategy for enhancing the stability of perovskite quantum dots for spectrally narrow (pure) red LEDs is reported.

The practicality of osmotic energy for portable electronics has been challenging despite recent advancements. Researchers devise a method to store iontronic energy in a polymer film based on osmotic effects, achieving high energy and power density.

Dysregulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) contributes to intestinal tumorigenesis. Here the authors report that excessive mtROS induces the release of mitochondrial PGAM5 into cytoplasm and subsequent dephosphorylation of MST3 kinase, promoting colorectal cancer progression.

Etienne Bucher and colleagues use a combination of short- and long-read sequencing, along with optical mapping technologies, to produce the high-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome. They identify a new repetitive retrotransposon sequence and analyze DNA methylation data in relation to important agronomic traits.

Presence of nano-bubbles within an atomically thin material generates potentially large pseudo-magnetic fields. Here, the authors report an innovative technique to induce nano-bubbles in graphene with desirable features and high precision through energized AFM tips, and experimentally measure three-fold symmetric pseudo-magnetic fields up to 120 T.

Separating immiscible liquids with small surface energy differences remains a challenge. Here, the authors develop a polarity-based strategy for the separation of multiphase mixtures of immiscible liquids, even those with surface energy differences as small as 2 mJ m^-2.

Obtainment of hydrogen-rich metal hydrides that are high-temperature superconductors has been demonstrated under very high pressure, but is still largely unexplored. Here the authors synthesize CeH₉, with a structure related to solid metallic hydrogen, at relatively low pressure and without need for heating.

The Barbier reaction, a widely utilized reaction for carbon–carbon bond formation, has played important roles in modern organic chemistry. Here, the authors show a one-pot Barbier polyaddition reaction of monomers containing an organic halide and a benzoyl group to form a series of phenylmethanol group containing polymers.

How RNA polymerase II transcription of tandemly repetitive satellite DNAs is regulated is poorly understood. Here, the authors identify Topoisomerase I as an evolutionary key regulator for satellite DNA transcription under both normal and DNA double-stranded break conditions.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Investigating the inner structure of baryons is important to further our understanding of the strong interaction. Here, the BESIII Collaboration extracts the absolute value of the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors and its relative phase for e + e − → J/ψ → ΛΣ decays, enhancing the signal thanks to the vacuum polarisation effect at the J/ψ peak.

6R-TaS2 is a natural van der Waals heterostructure formed by 1H- and 1T-phase TaS₂ layers, which can individually exhibit Ising superconductivity, correlated states and charge density waves. Here, the authors show experimental evidence of emergent nematic Ising superconductivity with simultaneous hidden magnetism (extrinsic anomalous Hall effect and Kondo screening) in 6R-TaS₂ under 30 K.

Intravitreally injected exosomes derived from regulatory T cells and conjugated with an antibody for vascular endothelial growth factor via a cleavable linker markedly suppress ocular neovascularization in mice and non-human primates.

The Hippo signalling pathway is commonly mutated across cancer types. Here, the authors identify 85 loss-of-function missense mutations within Hippo signalling genes and highlight the mechanisms underpinning mutations in MOB1 and NF2.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Reducing interface nonradiative recombination is important for realizing highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Here, the authors employ a bimolecular interlayer to functionalize the perovskite interface, achieving cooperative surface treatment and certified power conversion efficiency of 25.05%.

Ten years after the discovery of the Higgs boson, the ATLAS  experiment at CERN probes its kinematic properties with a significantly larger dataset from 2015–2018 and provides further insights on its interaction with other known particles.

The lunar mantle may have remained reduced, according to the oxygen fugacity of 2.0 Ga Chang’e-5 basalt that is similar to 3.6 − 3.0 Ga Apollo basalts and pyroclastic glasses.

A genome-wide association study in ~3 million individuals identifies 3,952 independent variants associated with educational attainment. A polygenic index explains 12–16% of variance for this trait and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases.

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are important mediators of inflammatory diseases and fungal infection protection, and are critically regulated by the transcription factor (TF), RORγt. Here the authors identify a new enhancer for RORγt, RORCE2, which synergizes with another TF, Sox5, for binding with RORγt promoter and thereby modulation of RORγt expression.

How COVID-19 pathology differs from other drivers of pneumonia is unclear. Here the authors analyze urine from patients with COVID-19 and identify an immunosuppressive protein expression pattern that is distinct from the pattern in healthy individuals or patients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia.

Recently, various computational tools have emerged for detecting mRNA isoforms using long-read sequencing data. Here, the authors systemically evaluate and compare the performance of these tools.

Graphene shows promise for saturable absorption, a key property for ultrafast lasing, yet graphene saturable absorbers operating in the terahertz region suffer from low absorption modulation. Here, the authors report terahertz saturable absorbers based on inkjet printed graphene with 80% transparency modulation.

Daniel Benjamin, Meike Bartels, Philipp Koellinger and colleagues report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism. The study leverages a large sample size together with genetic correlations between the phenotypes to identify, with high confidence, loci associated with each phenotype.

Silicon-based materials have the ability to support bioelectrical activity. Here the authors show how injectable silicon carbide nanowires reduce arrhythmias and rapidly restore conduction in a myocardial infarction model.