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Min Deng, Kai Wang and colleagues report genome-wide association analyses of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Han Chinese population. They identify two new risk loci at 1q32 and 22p11.

Whole-genome sequencing coupled with whole-exome sequencing validation in Han Chinese patients reveals a diverse genetic basis for venous thromboembolism, and identifies GP6, TET2, and JAK2 as novel risk factors in East Asian populations.

The coupling of ferroelectricity and magnetic order enables the tunability of material properties. Here, authors realize magnetic-field-enhanced ferroelectricity and electrical-field-controlled magneto-transport in non-magnetic moiré superlattices.

Raised serum urate levels are a risk factor for gout, a common form of inflammatory arthritis. Here Li et al.conduct a multistage genome-wide association study in a Han Chinese population and identify three novel loci likely associated with the progression from hyperuricemia to gout.

Ovarian cancer is common among women and is the leading cause of death from gynaecological malignancies. Here the authors identify two previously unknown genetic variants that increase the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in Han Chinese women.

Large language models (LLMs) can be useful tools for science, but they often lack expert understanding of complex domains that they were not trained on. Zhang and colleagues fine-tuned a LLaMA-2-7b-based LLM with questions on organic chemistry reactions.

Maintaining proper reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance is critical for cellular and individual health, yet its dynamic nature encumbers monitoring and assessment. Here the authors propose a platform using mass cytometry-based detection, termed SN-ROP, to identify distinct ROS profiles associated with specific immune cell functions and disease states.

Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is critical for propylene production, yet overcoming the trade-off between activity and stability remains a challenge. Here a robust Pt@Sn-MFI catalyst is developed for PDH, leveraging the synergy between Pt and hydroxyl sites.

Lan et al. demonstrate the high performance of plasma p-tau217 in detecting and tracking multiple aspects of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, outperforming other plasma tau biomarkers across two Chinese cohorts (GHABS and Huashan) and the North American ADNI cohort.

Spin-waves have a variety of advantages for information processing, and here, Chen, Xu and coauthors demonstrate the deterministic switching of antiferromagnetic spin textures using non-linear spin-waves. The switching process is progressive, mirroring weighted sum operations in neuromorphic computing.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Dopaminergic dysfunction is a key of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Here, the authors developed a multifunctional neural interface that simultaneously monitors dopamine dynamics and neural activity while delivering 40 Hz stimulation to rescue cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice.

Nano-kirigami is a promising approach to transform 2D precursors into complex 3D architectures. Here, the authors report plastic, elastic, and hysteretic deformations of silicon-based nano-kirigami structures and demonstrate applications in dynamic optical information encryption.

Multimodal Large Language Models are energy intensive and computationally demanding. Here, the authors developed a series of lightweight Multimodal Large Language Models deployable on edge devices.

The authors present a chip-less wearable sensor-processor integrated neuromorphic system that combines multimodal physicochemical sensing with neuromorphic processing for real-time, autonomous physiological monitoring.

Xuejun Zhang and colleagues report results of a genome-wide association study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese Han population. Their work identifies nine new SLE susceptibility loci and reveals overlap in the spectrum of risk alleles shared between Chinese Han and European populations.

Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production faces challenges in creating robust anodes that resist corrosion. Here, the authors report a PW₁₂-polyoxometalate-modified CoFe hydroxide anode that achieves selective and durable seawater oxidation over 1300 hours at 1 A cm⁻².

Inspired by the rich ion dynamics and interplay in biological channels, the authors report cooperative and inhibitory ion transport in angstrom-scale acetate functionalized MoS₂ two-dimensional channels.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Here the authors use genetic mutations to alter TCR signal strength and clonal selection of exhausted CD8⁺ T cells. They implicate CARD11 signaling as a sensor of this TCR signal strength and as a regulator of antitumor function in exhausted T cells that might be targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies.

Cross-ancestry and sex-stratified genome-wide association analyses for 21 amygdala volumetric traits in East Asian and European individuals provide insight into the genetic architectures of amygdala and subnucleus volumes.

Han et al. report the design and characterization of a pressure-fused biomineral tablet for the long-acting sustained release of IL-2, promoting antitumor immune responses in preclinical models of melanoma.

Cao and colleagues show that the RNA-binding E3 ligase MKRN2 selectively inhibits the translation of Il6 messenger RNA in activated macrophages.

Understanding how copper nanoparticles evolve under electrochemical conditions is crucial for the development of selective CO₂ reduction electrocatalysts. Here the authors prepare well-defined nanocrystals and use advanced operando imaging and spectroscopic techniques to reveal the Cu–CO species-driven dynamic evolution of Cu electrodes.

Dai Zhang and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. They identify a new susceptibility locus at 11p11.2 and also identify a locus at 6p21-22.1 in the extended MHC region, which has previously been reported to be associated with schizophrenia in individuals of European descent.

Hongbing Shen and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for lung cancer in individuals of Han Chinese ancestry. The authors identify two new lung cancer susceptibility loci.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

Blockade of alternative T cell checkpoint molecules, such as Tim3, is a promising alternative to inhibition of PD-1-PD-L1 interaction in cancers. Here authors show that anti-Tim3 therapy is working only in the presence of Il-2 co-stimulation, and the 2 necessary signals can be provided in the form of an anti-Tim3-Pro-Il2 construct, harboring modifications to the cytokine to resist the acidic tumour microenvironment.

R9AP is a key receptor for entry of Epstein–Barr virus into human epithelial and B cells, and interacts directly with the viral glycoprotein gH/gL complex to mediate virus–host membrane fusion.

The decades-old limit on how long human embryos can be grown in culture is under debate. A new road map outlines how to extend the length of culture responsibly.

Das et al. show that the correct editing activity of the methionyl tRNA synthetase, regulated by AIMP3, is required to prevent the accumulation of homocysteine and the resulting cardiomyocyte cell death and cardiac dysfunction.

Precise control over both sequence and chirality remains a challenge in polymer chemistry. Here sulfur–fluoride exchange and sulfur–phenolate exchange reactions are used to create chiral oligosulfonimidates with tunable sulfur-centred chirality. This strategy enables precise three-dimensional structural control over oligomers and polymers, marking a step towards fully nature-mimicking macromolecules.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Alpine plants exhibit phenological adaptations to germinate and complete their reproductive cycles during the most favorable growing seasons. Here, the authors show that allelic variation in the GA20ox3 gene is crucial for the adaptability of fruit length and seed germination timing in high-altitude ecotypes of A. thaliana.

Frequencies for motor kinematics are encoded by the cerebellum through population tuning of firing probabilities, which leads to cerebellar oscillations and corresponding motions.

Wan, J. Shi, M. Shi, Huang et al. report a role for lactate dehydrogenase B in regulating CD8⁺ T cell disulfidptosis and exhaustion through the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thereby impacting the efficacy of antitumour immunity.

The performance of inorganic, wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells is hindered by unsuitable electron transport layers. Han et al. design an acidic magnesium-doped tin oxide quantum dot layer, improving efficiency and stability in single-junction and tandem cells.

Boron-containing drug candidates have garnered increasing attention due to their pharmacological properties and application in boron neutron capture therapy. Here, the authors report a transition metal-free anti-addition of pinacolborane to alkynes, facilitated by the counteranion effect for the facile construction of bora-butenolide bioisosteres.

Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune liver disease. Here, the authors show that variants in interleukin genes which potentially deregulate their expression are associated with this condition, and suggest that the IL21 signalling pathway may have a role in disease aetiology.

Targeted deletion of integrin-associated protein CD47 enhances long-term engraftment of human CD34⁺ cells in immunodeficient pigs lacking IL2RG and RAG2, enabling large-scale production of functional human immune cells.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.