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The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

Zhang et al. show that the activation of RIPK1 is suppressed by acetylhypusination in a spermidine-dependent manner. Disruption of this axis contributes to RIPK1-mediated vascular pathology to promote insulin resistance and diabetic kidney pathology.

Integrated optical frequency combs are powerful tools for optical spectroscopy. Here, authors demonstrate low-power, detectable-rate soliton microcombs from telecom to visible bands, including wavelength-multiplexed operation, using ultra-low-loss silicon nitride waveguides.

Whether multimorbidity accelerates brain Aβ deposition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher self-reported multimorbidity burden predicts increased brain Aβ accumulation rates in the ADNI cohort.

Cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) regulate cell fate and are involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Here, using mouse models of allergic rhinitis (AR), the authors reveal the formation of SGs within macrophages of the nasal mucosa and implicate SGs in the regulation of Lrp1-mediated efferocytosis and Type 2 cytokine production, aggravating AR symptoms.

Rosmarinol quinone (RQ) induces β-catenin phase separation, suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumorigenesis. Abroquinone (albumin–RQ complex) was developed for targeted delivery and improved biosafety.

The function and regulatory mechanism of mRNA acetylation modification in cancer progression remains largely unknown. Here the authors identify that targeting tumor N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) RNA acetyltransferase NAT10 improves anti-tumor response via MYC/CDK2/DNMT1/dsRNA/type I IFN pathway, and show the synergic anti-tumor effect of NAT10 inhibition with aPD-1.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

A three-dimensional metal stamp can be used to selectively exfoliate two-dimensional materials, allowing the remaining material to be patterned into two-dimensional arrays without leaving chemical or polymer residues.

In situ methods for water quality monitoring is crucial for global water use and management, though many conventional sensors have slow response time and are non-recyclable. Here, the authors report a recyclable amphiphobic dielectric material for fast monitoring of water pollutants.

Spectral inhomogeneity of solid-state quantum emitters hinders their application in scalable quantum networks. Here the authors use in-situ 3D strain engineering at cryogenic temperatures to independently tune emission energy and suppress fine structure splitting in quantum dots embedded in photonic structures.

Acetylation is a posttranscriptional modification widely distributed across RNA types. Here, the authors uncover the role of tRNA ac⁴C12 for translational efficiency and tRNA quality control in both normal and heat stress conditions in mammalian cells.

Nano-kirigami is a promising approach to transform 2D precursors into complex 3D architectures. Here, the authors report plastic, elastic, and hysteretic deformations of silicon-based nano-kirigami structures and demonstrate applications in dynamic optical information encryption.

There is a need to design soft robots for rapid movement in extreme environments, though it is a challenge to balance electronic and mechanical properties while being stable in extreme conditions. Here the authors design an ethylene glycol gel which balances stability with its electronic and mechanical performance.

Breast cancer cells interact with cancer-associated adipocytes in the microenvironment. Here, the authors report that the cross-talk between these two cell types is dependent on Zeb1, which remodels the tumor-associated adipose microenvironment to confer breast cancer progression.

The authors report an ultra-broadband ptychography method, suitable for dispersive samples, by exploiting structured illumination and a novel joint deconvolution algorithm.

In a reverse-translational study followed by a clinical trial, the targeting of antigen-presenting mast cells was identified as a therapeutic approach to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who experienced clinical benefit when treated with the mast cell stabilizer cromolyn.

Xue et al. develop a foundation model for spectral analysis. It excels in multiple tasks, such as denoising spectra and quantifying trace molecules, and is especially promising in identifying metabolic biomarkers of diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and prostate cancer.

Single-cell RNA sequencing, whole-exome sequencing and spatial transcriptome sequencing of gallbladder adenocarcinomas from 75 patients stratifies the disease into groups with distinct clinical outcomes.

The tissue-specific accumulation patterns of pathogenic mtDNA mutations during aging remain incompletely understood. In this study, the researchers developed three mouse models with distinct mitochondrial tRNA mutations, revealing age-dependent accumulation of these mutations in the kidneys, leading to mitochondrial kidney disease.

Li et al. uncover a lysosomal surveillance response whereby intestinal lumen deacidification induces a transcriptional programme that boosts lysosomal activity and improves protein aggregate clearance in multiple worm disease models, extending healthspan.

RNAsmol is a sequence-based deep learning framework for predicting RNA–small molecule interactions, integrating perturbation and augmentation to achieve robust predictions under limited data and adaptability to diverse drug discovery scenarios.

R9AP is a key receptor for entry of Epstein–Barr virus into human epithelial and B cells, and interacts directly with the viral glycoprotein gH/gL complex to mediate virus–host membrane fusion.

Microorganisms inspire AI-driven microrobots through their evolved navigation in complex fluids. Authors demonstrate AI-enabled chemotaxis in robotic swimmers using hierarchical reinforcement learning under partial observability.

Large language models (LLMs) can be useful tools for science, but they often lack expert understanding of complex domains that they were not trained on. Zhang and colleagues fine-tuned a LLaMA-2-7b-based LLM with questions on organic chemistry reactions.

Fluorinated amides are prevalent structural motifs in pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules, but their enantioselective synthesis is challenging. Here, the authors synthesize fluorinated amide compounds with distal chirality (γ to F) using ene-reductases and blue light irradiation.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Here the authors report asperigimycins, fungal ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides with a heptacyclic scaffold. After chemically modifying them for nanomolar anticancer activity, CRISPR screening identifies SLC46A3 as a key transporter for their uptake in cells.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Here, the authors determine that human neutrophil α-defensin HNP1 can promote A. baumannii biofilm formation.

Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that can offer unique insights into vertebrate evolution. Here they generate a comprehensive cell atlas of the lamprey, uncovering 70 distinct cell types across 14 tissues, and identify pancreas-like cells in the lamprey small intestine.

Cytidine triphosphate synthase, a key enzyme in nucleotide synthesis, forms distinct filaments in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that resist cytidine triphosphate feedback inhibition, which are characterised through structural, biochemical, and cellular methods.

Proteome profiling of plasma samples in human pan-cancer cohorts reveals patterns of biomarkers for diagnosis.

The effects of non-reacting components on polyatomic reactions are still largely unclear. Here, the authors show through a combined experimental and theoretical study of the D + CH₄ reaction that the CH₃ umbrella bending mode serves as a reporter mode, revealing how the D atom dynamically approaches CH₄.

The germline is established during embryogenesis when primordial germ cells are first specified. Here they show that the RNA-binding proteins DND1 and NANOS3 function together to repress the translation of SOX4, restricting the germ cell lineage specification during embryonic development.

The authors report a dual photothermal-electrocatalysis interface which enables efficient ammonia extraction and purification from air and wastewater, thereby advancing sustainable waste-to-fuel conversion.

Extending the endurance of mushroom-type phase change memory remains challenging. Here, the authors design a nano-confined cell with an embedded heater, achieving a 1000 × improvement and attributing failure to carbon-induced collapse of the switching volume.

It is important to understand cellular uptake of nanoparticles, but the effects of cell cycle and autophagy are underexplored. Here, the authors construct a multi-functional, multi-dimensional platform, and use this to characterise the effects of cell cycle- and autophagy-associated cellular accumulation of clinically used lipid-based nanoparticles.

Xiang et al. use patient samples and mouse models of osteoarthritis to examine the link with muscle atrophy. They identify that, in osteoarthritis, senescent macrophages promote ferroptosis in skeletal muscle cells, and they show the therapeutic value of targeting this pathological mechanism.

A soft mesh microelectrode array can seamlessly integrate in developing brains, enabling long-term, stable mapping of how single-neuron activity and population dynamics emerge and evolve during brain development.

Literature produced inconsistent findings regarding the links between extreme weather events and climate policy support across regions, populations and events. This global study offers a holistic assessment of these relationships and highlights the role of subjective attribution.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

Rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries offer a promising avenue for largescale energy storage, yet challenges remain in developing efficient cathode materials. Here, boridene is demonstrated as a cathode in aluminum-ion batteries and shows high reversible capacity of 212 mAh g s⁻¹ and maintains <95% Coulombic efficiency.

Understanding how copper nanoparticles evolve under electrochemical conditions is crucial for the development of selective CO₂ reduction electrocatalysts. Here the authors prepare well-defined nanocrystals and use advanced operando imaging and spectroscopic techniques to reveal the Cu–CO species-driven dynamic evolution of Cu electrodes.

The transcription factor CREM is a pivotal regulator of NK cell function, making CREM a valuable target to increase the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapies based on this cell population and chimeric antigen receptors.