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Critical-sized bone defects are a clinical challenge, with long-term recovery often leading to delayed union or nonunion. Here, Zhang et al. report an engineered ossification center-like organoid which recruits Krt8+ skeletal stem cells and reduces Has1+ fibrotic cells, mimicking developmental bone formation for regeneration of critical-sized bone defects.

Here, Ying Li et al. present the results of a randomized controlled feeding trial in prediabetes participants, finding that advancing timing of unsaturated fat (USFA) intake improves insulin sensitivity through the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism, regardless of USFA type.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

Lfy1 is a maize mutant identified 50 years ago with increased leaf number above the primary ear and later flowering time. Here, the authors reveal that a Copia LTR-retrotransposon insertion leads to enhanced expression of an AAA ATPase encoding gene to give the mutant phenotype.

Staple crop production in China involves high levels of synthetic fertilizer use and losses to the environment. Using a localized nitrogen management model for wheat, maize and rice, this study estimates the environmental and economic benefits of improving nitrogen use efficiency at the county level.

Advanced solvents that dissolve both polysulfides and sulfides are developed for intermediate temperature K-Na/S batteries. The innovation enhances cell’s reaction kinetics and energy density, making them attractive for long-duration energy storage.

An atomically thin high-κ gate dielectric of Bi₂SeO₅ can be formed via layer-by-layer oxidization of an underlying two-dimensional semiconductor, allowing high-performance field-effect transistors and inverters to be fabricated.

An, Tan and colleagues reveal an unusual DNA phosphorothioation Tdp system, where TdpC adenylates DNA backbone for sulfur incorporation and TdpAB provides anti-phage immunity. The sensitivity of TdpAB to hydrophobicity of sulfur enables self–non-self discrimination.

Several 17B-HSD13 variants have been identified as protective against NASH/MASH. However the protein’s endogenous function is unknown. Here authors describe sulfonamide-based inhibitors and synthetic substrates, then apply to multiple cellular systems revealing that the most prevalent IsoD variant maintains NAD-dependent catalytic activity.

Electronic components made from two-dimensional MoTe₂ can be chemically synthesized and integrated in a single step, creating devices in which each component in the active layer is connected via covalent bonds.

SN2N, a Self-inspired Noise2Noise module, offers a versatile solution for volumetric time-lapse super-resolution imaging of live cells. SN2N uses self-supervised data generation and self-constrained learning for training with a single noisy frame.

Two-dimensional atomic crystals are known to be effective electrode materials for energy storage applications. Here, the authors report the preparation of various two-dimensional metal oxides, including those which do not have a layered parent structure, via a salt templating strategy.

The utility of photosensitizers for cancer therapies is often hindered by a single photosensitizing mechanism, the need of multiple irradiations, and limited tumor penetration and retention. Here, the authors address these issues by developing an aggregation-induced emission luminogen bacteria hybrid bionic robot that enables multimodal imaging and therapy and activates anti-tumor immunity.

The mechanisms regulating protein lactylation, a post-translational modification, are not fully understood. Here, the authors discover that Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) acts as the primary lactyltransferase for α-tubulin, regulating microtubule dynamics.

Superoxide dismutase 3 is elevated in patients and animals infected by protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium. Here, Li et al. show that SOD3 expression is associated with experimental cerebral malaria and inhibition of host immune responses.

Identifying the crystallographic orientations of 2D materials is important, but methods to do so are typically destructive. Here, the authors show that the orientational dependency of self-assembled nanoribbons of oleamide molecules can be used to non-invasively probe the lattice orientations of various 2D substrates.

In Klinefelter syndrome, gene dysregulation due to the extra X chromosome leads to delayed development of fetal germ cells (FGCs), and aberrant interactions between Sertoli cells and FGCs disrupt the migration of late FGCs to the basement membrane.

Unlike graphene itself, or carbon nanotubes, very narrow nanoribbons of graphene are completely semiconducting. Dai and colleagues reliably produce bulk quantities of sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbons by partial encapsulation of carbon nanotubes in a polymer. The exposed part of the nanotube can be cut by plasma etching, so that the nanotube unzips when the polymer is removed, leaving a very thin strip of graphene.

DNA nanostructures with interlocked topologies will tend to display different behaviour to the linear counterparts. Here, the authors show a DNA catenane that is inactive for rolling circle amplification but is activated upon cleavage of one ring, and exploit this for the development of a biosensing system.

A new acorn barnacles genome assembly, together with transcriptomic and proteomic datasets and functional experiments, identify bcs-6 and bsf, as new genes involved in the settlement process by facilitating energy metabolism and stabilizing the alternating layers of chitin and calcites, respectively.

Injury poses heavy burden on public health, but little evidence on the potential role of climate change on injury exists. Here, the authors collect data during 2013-2019 in six provinces of China to estimate the associations between temperature and injury mortality, and to project future mortality burden attributable to temperature change driven by climate change.

The current use of elastography ultrasound faces challenges, including vulnerability to subjective manipulation, echo signal attenuation, unknown risks of elastic pressure and high imaging hardware cost. Here, the author shows a virtual elastography to empower low-end ultrasound devices with state-of-art elastography function.

Tocilizumab has been used to treat the excessive inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA sequencing results from two severe COIVD-19 patients to provide high-dimensional immune profiling data, and to implicate potential cellular and molecular insights for the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab.

Despite overall warming, many regions in the Northern Hemisphere have been cooling in autumn. This cooling resulted in an increasing release of net CO₂ 2004–2018 as primary production decreased more than respiration in cooling and respiration increased more than production in warming areas.

Hydroxysteroid 17-beta-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) is a hepatic lipid droplet-associated enzyme that is upregulated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, the authors report crystal structures of HSD17B13 and its complexes with two series of inhibitors.

Walsh and colleagues use prospective sequencing in a large cohort of pediatric patients with solid tumors to detect mutations in cancer predisposition genes and guide downstream clinical care.

Super-resolution imaging based on autocorrelation with two-step deconvolution (SACD) enables recording super-resolution images with 128-nm spatial resolution over a field of view of 2.0 mm × 1.4 mm within a 10-min acquisition time.

Findings from the SURPASS-AP-Combo trial demonstrate that addition of tirzepatide is non-inferior and superior to insulin glargine for glycemic outcomes at 40 weeks when used as second-line or third-line therapy in an Asia-Pacific (predominantly Chinese) population with type 2 diabetes.

Using whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing, this study identifies eight significantly mutated genes in oesophageal squamous cell cancer, including two genes, ADAM29 and FAM135B, not previously associated with this cancer type.