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The evolutionary trajectory of avian sex chromosomes may be more intricate than previously understood. In this study, sequencing and analysis of the neo-sex chromosomes and genome of the Crested Ibis suggests a multidirectional evolution of sex chromosomes in core waterbirds.

The molecular mechanism of LAP activation against invading pathogens is not fully understood. Here the authors demonstrate that programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6) negatively regulates LAP formation and the antibacterial response by interacting with lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) to downregulate lactate metabolism and RUBCN lactylation-mediated signaling.

There is a growing interest in the role of timing of physical activity (PA) in improving health. Here, using a large-scale cohort study, the authors show that moderate-to-vigorous PA at the optimal time of day robustly predicts lower mortality risk and may maximize the beneficial effect of PA.

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of mouse trace amine-associated receptor 9 reveals structural motifs involved in odorant ligand recognition, including a unique disulfide bond linking the N terminus to extracellular loop 2.

Here, Xin Pan and colleagues found that activation of thyroid hormone receptor-β is necessary for alveolar epithelial cell differentiation during lung repair and regeneration, and confirmed a specific agonist and molecular targets for fibrosis therapy.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has with few well-defined biomarkers or clinically effective treatments but is promoted by inflammation. Here, the authors find an active lipid [So(d18:1)] that is significantly changed in patients and promotes inflammation by directly inhibiting macrophage HIF-2α.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is an important but not exclusive proinflammatory mediator in macrophages. Here authors show that IFN-γ-independent macrophage autoactivation involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which in turn induces the GTP-binding protein Septin2 to limit inflammation via a negative feedback loop.

Simple assembly rules applied recursively in a multistage assembly process enable the creation of DNA origami arrays with sizes of up to 0.5 square micrometres and with arbitrary patterns.

TAAR1 has a rigid consensus binding motif that binds to endogenous trace amine stimuli as well as two extended binding pockets that accommodate diverse chemotypes.

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the MRGPRX2–G_i1 trimer in complex with polycationic compound 48/80 or inflammatory peptides provide insights into the sensing of cationic allergens by MRGPRX2, potentially facilitating the design of therapies to prevent unwanted pseudoallergic reactions.

Mitochondria disruption can elicit immune responses. Here the authors report the design and characterization of mitochondria targeting drug-free nanoassemblies promoting immunogenic cell death and anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical models.

Using cryo-electron microscopy, the authors report the structures of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor–G_s complexes and reveal the structural basis of bile acid recognition.

Sustained Mars exploration requires in situ synthesis of vital chemicals such as oxygen. Now a data-driven platform for synthesizing oxygen-producing electrocatalysts from Martian meteorites using robotics and artificial intelligence is developed, allowing automated screening of the optimal catalyst formula. This approach demonstrates materials discovery under challenging circumstances and without human intervention.

Sulfur dioxide emissions due to consumption by developed and developing countries differ in magnitude but produce comparable climate impacts due to the regional distribution of emissions, according to simulations using an Earth system model.

A spatial multi-omics method with high decoding capacity and reduced sequencing and imaging costs enhances the high-throughput detection of gene mutations, allele-specific expression and RNA modifications in tissue samples.

The mechanism of how interfacial wettability impacts the CO₂ electcgq Herein, the authors describe the design and realization of controllable equilibrium of kinetic controlled *CO and *H to reveal its contribution to ethylene and ethanol pathways.

Grain of indica rice accumulates more toxic cadmium (Cd) than japonica, but the underlying genetic basis is unclear. Here, the authors show that natural variation of OsCd1 contributes to divergence in grain Cd accumulation and transferring japonica allele to indica rice leads to reduced Cd accumulation.

The sphingolipid GIPC in the plant cell plasma membrane binds to sodium and triggers calcium influx, thereby triggering responses to excess salt such as efflux of sodium ions from cells.

Tong et al. describe a super pangenome assembled from long-read sequences of 545 wild and domesticated silkworms. Naturally selected (diapause, aposemantic coloration) or artificially selected (silk yield and fineness) sets of genes are delineated.

Exosomes from rats with obstructive sleep apnoea aggravate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by delivering the lncRNA TCONS_00039830 to hepatocytes and regulating Smad2 expression through targeting miR-455-3p.

The authors summarize the data produced by phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, a resource for better understanding of the human and mouse genomes.

hNEIL1 (human endonuclease VIII-like 1) is a broadly specific DNA glycosylase for base excision repair. Here, the authors show that hNEIL1 can assume activated or triage conformations: the structural basis for the mechanism that enables broad specificity and reduces futile repair of normal bases.

Detect-seq, built upon chemical labeling and enrichment of intermediate deoxyuridine, offers an approach to profile different types of off-target mutation induced by cytosine base editors including unexpected edits outside of protospacer and on the target strand.

Plant viruses have evolved various virulence strategies to overcome plant immunity. Here the authors show that distinct viral proteins repress JA-SA crosstalk by targeting rice NPR1 protein to facilitate viral infection

MLL5 is an essential epigenetic modifier involved in cell cycle progression, chromatin architecture and hematopoiesis. Here the authors establish that MLL5 suppresses the innate immune response in a murine model of virus infection by targeting and promoting degradation of RIG-I.

Analysis of the bracteatus pineapple genome provides insight into fiber production, color formation, sugar accumulation and fruit maturation. Resequencing of 89 Ananas genomes supports the coexistence of sexual recombination and a ‘one-step operation’ during domestication.

NeoCoV and its close relative, PDF-2180, can efficiently bind to and use specific bat ACE2 orthologues and, less favourably, human ACE2 as entry receptors through their receptor-binding domains on the spike protein.

The carbohydrate binding protein galectin-3 has been linked to diabetes and cancer. Here, authors show that galectin-3 is a sensor of LPS, an important modulator of the mTORC1 signaling, and a critical regulator of glucose metabolism.

Human somatic cells were reprogrammed to human chemically induced pluripotent stem cells that demonstrate key features of embryonic stem cells.