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This study reports on excavations of hearths and stone artefacts from 20,000-year-old deposits at Dargan Shelter, which at an elevation of 1,073 m is believed to be the oldest occupied high-altitude site in Australia.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Impaired gut barrier function is a central driver of alcohol-related liver disease. This study indicates that the postbiotic ReFerm® improves gut barrier function and reduce liver stiffness and liver fibrosis, suggesting the gut barrier function as a potential treatment target.

Self-organized criticality can occur in cellular systems, but its origins remain unclear. Now it is shown that cytoskeletal criticality is influenced by the F-actin architecture and myosin active stress.

Noel et al. show aberrant updating of expectations in three distinct mouse models of autism spectrum disorder. Brain-wide neurophysiology data suggest this stems from excess units encoding deviations from prior mean and a lack of sensory prediction errors in frontal areas.

Study shows PTSD predisposition shares distinct genes and genomic regions with several cardiovascular conditions. Here the findings reveal neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways, and repurposed drug targets that further the understanding of the comorbidity.

Lymphostatin is a large protein required for Escherichia coli virulence. Here, Griessmann et al. use electron cryo-microscopy to describe the structure of lymphostatin determined at different pH values, showing three conformations, six distinct domains, and long inter-___domain linkers that occlude the catalytic sites of the N-terminal glycosyltransferase and protease domains.

Breeding crops with delayed senescence could plausibly increase grain yield. Here the authors show that variation at the rice SGR locus contributes to differences in senescence between indica and japonica subspecies and show that introgression can increase yield in an elite indica rice variety.

Nuclear quantum effects affect chemical processes and material properties. Here the authors use path-integral molecular dynamics simulation to analyze their effects on themophysical properties of 92 organic liquids across the chemical space.

Redox signalling is emerging as an important regulator of metabolism and physiology, which is dysregulated in ageing and disease. Here, the authors show that redox regulation of a key redox sensitive cysteine in Atg4a induces autophagy in vivo and extends lifespan in female Drosophila.

ACTA2 p.R179 variants cause pediatric strokes due to moyamoya disease (MMD)-like occlusions. Here, the authors show that Acta2^R179C/+ smooth muscle cells are immature, causing MMD-like lesions that are reversed by altering cellular metabolism.

Truncated version of adenylyl cyclase 3 acts as a cold-induced rheostat during long-term brown adipose tissue activation.

The 3D chromatin organisation of sex chromosomes within the nucleus remains elusive. This study determines the chromatin architecture of the brown alga Ectocarpus, linking sex-specific chromatin dynamics, histone modification and gene expression to the 3D structure of the U and V sex chromosomes.

Species’ traits and environmental conditions determine the abundance of tree species across the globe. Here, the authors find that dominant tree species are taller and have softer wood compared to rare species and that these trait differences are more strongly associated with temperature than water availability.

The authors show that aberrant epithelial GREM1 expression remodels intestinal stroma to form ectopic stem cell niches in mice. Anti-GREM1 reversed these changes, highlighting a potential strategy for preventing polyposis in patients with HMPS.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Here, the authors present mtDNA and chronological data for sediments from excavations in the South Chamber of Denisova Cave, from which they construct a timeline of hominin and faunal occupation that fills stratigraphic gaps in other parts of the cave.

Whether multimorbidity accelerates brain Aβ deposition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher self-reported multimorbidity burden predicts increased brain Aβ accumulation rates in the ADNI cohort.

In this paper, the authors describe the energy state-dependent regulation of the PVN^GLP-1R to DVC circuit, resulting in altered food intake and metabolic health, mediated by GLP-1 receptor signalling.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited gastrointestinal syndrome associated with duodenal adenoma formation. Here the authors show that IL17A-producing NKp44- group 3 innate lymphoid cells accumulate in FAP duodenal tissue and are associated with duodenal adenoma formation in patients with FAP.

Here, Peters et al. report that Pseudomonas fluorescens protects Caenorhabditis elegans against pathogen infection via polyketide synthase-derived sphingolipids, uncovering a non-canonical bacterial sphingolipid synthesis pathway that modulates host metabolism.

Genome-wide sequencing of 180 ancient individuals shows a continuous gradient of ancestry in Early-to-Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherers from the Baltic to the Transbaikal region and distinct contemporaneous groups in Northeast Siberia, and provides insights into the origins of modern Uralic and Yeniseian speakers.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Stable coating of filters with a thin liquid layer enhances adhesion of airborne particulates while maintaining high air permeability, resulting in longer lifetimes and higher efficiency of these filters.

A paleogenome from an approximately 100,000-year-old polar bear shows massive prehistoric, and largely unidirectional, gene flow from polar bears into brown bears at a time of climate change-induced overlap in the ranges of the two species. This admixture event cannot be detected using genomic data from living polar bears.

Crystal structures of HIV Env trimer with native glycosylation in complex with neutralizing antibodies reveal a glycan shield of high-mannose and complex-type N-glycan and indicate a path for germline-targeting vaccine design.

Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing, the authors here find that IL1B gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes associates with smaller HIV-1 reservoir size in people treated during acute infection, suggesting IL1B may be a natural latency reversing factor decreasing the reservoir via NF-κB activation.

Tumour evolution and heterogeneity in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) remains poorly characterised. Here, the authors investigate the genomic landscape of HGSOC and reveal two distinct evolutionary trajectories associated with clinical outcomes.

The outflow pathway of cerebrospinal fluid into lymph nodes in the neck and how non-invasive mechanical stimulation can enhance drainage and restore impaired outflow in aged mice are explored.

Hegazy and colleagues demonstrate that epithelial oncostatin M receptor expression drives gut inflammation and tumor formation.

Understanding how copper nanoparticles evolve under electrochemical conditions is crucial for the development of selective CO₂ reduction electrocatalysts. Here the authors prepare well-defined nanocrystals and use advanced operando imaging and spectroscopic techniques to reveal the Cu–CO species-driven dynamic evolution of Cu electrodes.

Observations from the JWST MIRI showed the detection of ¹⁴NH₃ and ¹⁵NH₃ isotopologues in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf, along with a ¹⁴N/¹⁵N value consistent with star-like formation by gravitational collapse.

Chlorpyrifos is a widely-used pesticide and a common residue on vegetables and fruits. Here the authors show that at non-neurotoxic doses, chlorpyrifos reduces energy expenditure, by inhibiting diet induced thermogenesis, and promotes obesity and insulin resistance.

Metamorphic soles beneath ophiolites record rapid subduction initiation, with high-temperature metamorphism that may be driven by relative motion across the plate interface, according to diffusion speedometry of garnets combined with isotopic data.

Palaeogenomic data from four Late Pleistocene cave bears reveals that cave bears admixed with brown bears in the Pleistocene epoch, and despite cave bears going extinct during the Last Glacial Maximum, extant brown bears maintain a genomic contribution from cave bears.

Brown adipose tissue activation of thermogenesis is accompanied by a sequence of events commonly associated with apoptosis, however they evade cell death. Assali et al. show that NCLX prevents mitochondrial calcium overload and apoptosis. Deletion of NCLX, converts a thermogenic signal into a death pathway.

Oxidized mitochondrial DNA can be released into cytoplasm activating the Nlrp3 inflammasome resulting in its extracellular release. Here the authors show that only this oxidized form can induce autoantibody production by uptake into plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which then produce interleukin-21 to differentiate naive T cells into T_FH cells.

Exosomes are RNA-containing lipid vesicles with roles in inter-tissue crosstalk. Here the authors show that exosome release from brown adipocytes is increased upon thermogenic activation, both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrate that serum levels of exosomal miR-92 reflect brown fat activity in humans.

Conditional cysteine restriction in mice causes substantial weight loss, exceeding that seen with essential amino acid restriction, by activating the integrated stress and oxidative stress responses, and by unexpectedly depleting coenzyme A, leading to metabolic inefficiency.

The choroid plexus is a crucial but understudied brain tissue. Here, the authors use stem cells and tissue samples to trace its origins and lineage during pregnancy and to create new models for its support of the developing human brain.

Current approaches to visualise brown adipose tissue (BAT) rely primarily on markers that reflect its metabolic activity. Here, the authors show that PD-L1 is expressed on brown adipocytes, does not change upon BAT activation, and that BAT volume in mice can be measured by PET-CT with a radiolabeled anti-PD-L1 antibody.